Trees of Electoral District in Indonesian Legislative Election--论文代写范文精选

一个至关重要的问题是关于选举区域讨论。在自己国家的历史背景中,包括独特的民族。我们假设这成为了各国的选举系统，选举制度分为4种不同的类型。显然选举制度不仅跨越国家,也有动态的国家内部政治变化。下面的paper代写范文进行论述。

Abstract 
The short paper presents interesting discussions related to specific Indonesian legislative election system. We build algorithmic steps in computational geometry that employ the basic patterns that emerged from the legal decisions of Indonesian General Election Commission about the election district. Some interesting facts are observed and tried to be analyzed and concerning them to the democratization processes in the country. The further implementation of the model can be utilized as a tool to see the patterns of optimizations for the beneficial of particular parties, to evaluate the election results, and to see the relatedness of the legally‐decided configurations of election district in Indonesia.  
Keywords: general election, election district, voting geometry

Introduction 
Indonesia is learning to be democratic. This can be seen from many changes in cultural aspects in the political realm of the people. One aspect that easy to see the democracy is the practical aspects of the general elections with which citizens can give their votes on preferred leaders and representatives that would bring the whole nations in the incoming service year under the constitution. Some statistical aspects of Indonesian democratic features have been discussed previously in Situngkir & Surya (2004). This work brings the macro‐ properties of the resulting legislative election 2004 to the observation and also has been confirmed in some other countries. The present paper delivers a more micro‐ view of the legislative elections by zooming the electoral processes in an administrative district/area. In the meso‐level of legislative election (2004), one of important and sometimes crucial issues to be discussed are about the electoral district1 . However, the configuration of the electoral districts, can yield distinct results in the elections practically and some hypotheses regarding to this would be the theme of our discussions in the rest of the paper. 

Electoral District in Indonesia’s Election   
Countries have historical background of its own, governmental systems, and various population densities including the distinctive ethnic groups. This, we suppose, becomes the source of the variations of electoral systems across countries in the world. IIDEA (2005) divides electoral system into 4 different types. Every main class can also be distinguished into some sub‐classes.  We may refer it to table 1. For instance, the legislative election in United States uses the First Past The Post System while Japan use the Parallel System. In advance, apparently the electoral system not only varied across nations but also have dynamics respect to the political changes within countries.   

As a specific case, Indonesia’s electoral system is interesting to be observed. Indonesia has the fourth largest populations on earth after China, India, and the United States. More interestingly, the population is made by more than 100 ethnic groups spreading in islands of thousand existing ones, yet more than half of the population lives in a single island, Java. Model: Electoral Localized Trees are Assorted The patterns depicted in latest part of the previous section, somehow, would have left questions to any political analysts about the possible variations and configurations of the electoral districts, especially those which are in the provinces with largest population. Obviously there are particular configurations of electoral districts that could possibly made certain parties to gain more chairs in the house while other configurations could also made them loosing votes as residue for they cannot fulfill enough quota for a chair. In the other cases, different numbers of chairs representing an electoral district could also give different result of the gaining in the tally.

Our model would first transform the geographical map as shown in figure 1 into the nodes and edges where edges represent the neighbors surrounding the corresponding municipalities denoted by vertex. Hence, the edge ij e shows that in the geographical map, both vertex i and j are neighbors each other. 

Concluding Remarks   
We have built algorithm to check some hypothetical propositions regarding the issues on legislative electoral districts. We formalize algorithmically the two patterns of the electoral districts’ configurations, namely the fact that electoral districts are always configured within provinces (and or lower administrative districts) and another fact that electoral districts are always coalesced by neighboring administrative districts.   

From those basic assumptions and some interpretations of the election law along with processing the 2004 results and the population data in Eastern Java, we have observed some interesting features from the legislative election 2004. From the simulation we showed that there exist some configurations of electoral districts significantly beneficial to some political parties. Larger parties would prefer larger sized electoral districts so that they can beat the smaller parties whose total votes would always be able to be undermined. However, the democratization processes demand the close relationship between the representatives and the constituents that in one way can be reflected by smaller sized electoral districts. The latter would be beneficial very much to smaller parties since it opened their ways and access to gain legislative chairs.   
Acknowledgement 
Both authors thank Surya Research International for financial support in which period the paper is written. Gratefulness also conveyed to Ardian Maulana and Qoyum for data processing effort and discussions and ideas behind the research.(paper代写)

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