Effect of Population Density--论文代写范文精选

广播可以间歇性或持续运行。广播没有显著影响,它会持续减少。广播公司有五个不同的动作,这些趋势越来越逆转。体的影响可能是为了使意见和行为更均匀。下面的paper代写范文进行讲解。

Abstract 
EVOC allows not just the shape of the world to be changed, but how densely populated it is. Figure 4 illustrates the diversity of actions over a run with different population densities. The lower the population density, the more the typical inverted-U shaped action diversity curve is disrupted; both the initial peak and subsequent decline are less pronounced. Further analysis reveals that decreasing population density fosters the existence of small isolated clusters that are unable to learn from one another and share effective actions, impairing the ability of the society to converge on only the fittest actions.

Broadcasting 
Broadcasting allows the action of a leader, or broadcaster, to be visible to not just immediate neighbors, but all agents, thereby simulating the effects of media such as public performances, television, radio, or internet, on patterns of cultural change. When broadcasting is turned on, an agent is no longer limited to its immediate neighbors as potential role models. Each agent adds the broadcaster as a possible source of actions it can imitate. A particular agent can be chosen as the broadcaster before the run, or the broadcaster can be chosen at random, or the user can specify that the agent with the fittest action is the broadcaster. 

Broadcasting can be intermittent, or continued throughout the duration of a run. Broadcasting does not have a significant effect on the fitness of actions, but as shown in Figure 5, it accelerates convergence on optimal actions, and consistently reduces diversity. By varying the number of broadcasters EVOC allows simulation of the effect on fitness and diversity of ideas of a dictorial style of leadership (one broadcaster) versus a distributed style of leadership (multiple leaders). In figure 6 we see how adding the presence of a broadcaster (comparing column 1 without broadcaster to column 2 with broadcaster) decreases the diversity of actions. This i seen clearly looking to the lowest row: 20 iterations. 

Whereas without a broadcaster there are eight different actions, and 41% of agents are executing the most popular action, with a broadcaster there are five different actions, and 84% of agents are executing the most popular action. However, as shown in columns 3 to 6, these trends become increasingly reversed the greater the number of broadcasters. With five broadcasters, the society converges on nine different actions, and the percentage of agents executing the most popular action is down to 31%. These data potentially speak to the changing effect of media on society. With only one television or radio station, the effect of media may have been to make opinions and behaviors more homogeneous. However with the proliferation of different radio and television stations, as well as web-based media, available from not just local sources but around the world, the effect might well be the reverse: an explosion of different views and behaviors.

Discussion 
This paper has given an overview of factors impacting the spread of ideas and behaviors that can be investigated with a computer model of cultural evolution, focusing on new results investigating the effects of broadcasting (leadership), population density, and the shape and penetrability (e.g. presence of boundaries) of the terrain. Results suggest that properties of the world can have as great an impact on the evolution of culture as properties of the agents themselves. The results also show that the benefits of leadership with respect to enhanced fitness of ideas may be tempered by decreased diversity of ideas. 

This echoes previous simulation findings that leadership can have adverse effects when agents can communicate (Gigliotta, Miglino, & Parisi, 2007). A primary aim of future work will be to examine the distinctively human phenomenon of cultural openendedness. Although presently agents’ actions become more complex and adapted over time, and change is cumulative in that new actions build on existing ones, once agents settle on some subset of optimal actions, the program comes to a standstill. Future versions will use a fitness function that evaluates actions differently depending on the relative strengths of the different needs. The strength of a need will be a function of both how many iterations have passed since execution of an action that satisfied that need, and the degree to which that action satisfied that need. 

With these modifications it is expected that there will no longer be an a priori limit to the number or complexity of actions. The role of each of these modifications in bringing about genuine cultural evolution will be assessed. The effort will be judged successful if cultural change is not just cumulative, but cumulative in a way that responds to needs and situations, and open-ended, such that one innovation creates niches for the invention of others (as cars paved the way for seat belts and gas stations). (paper代写)

Further experiments with eroding barriers has potential implications for the impact of free trade on global diversity of ideas, and for investigating the complex relationship between creativity and culture (Kaufman & Sternberg, 2006). Future efforts will also focus on a more in-depth analysis of the conditions under which immigrant contributes to the fitness and diversity of ideas versus the conditions under which the immigrant’s actions are so different that they merely stand out and do not contribute in a productive way. A wider range of needs will be made available in order to determine the relationship between degree of similarity between needs of the native and immigrant populations and latency of the immigrant population to ‘fit in’. Other questions will also be investigated, such as ‘How does the probability of ‘fitting in’ change as a function of the number of immigrants? These issues are timely, and have potential implications for how individuals should go about negotiating, conducting business, and simply behaving in a foreign land. Even when such simulations do not provide specific directives, they help us to think in more precise terms about the issues.(paper代写)

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