Evolutionary model of demand--论文代写范文精选

我们表明,动态的需求可能出现由于创新或消费者偏好的转变。如果创新出现，定性变化会发生。创新和消费者偏好的变换同时发生,将导致系统处于一个稳定状态。下面的paper代写范文讲述了这一问题。

This presentation offers an evolutionary model of demand, which views the utility as the function of the distance between the two types of sequences of memes (memeplex), which represent economic 12 product and consumer preference (see equation vii). It is a potential improvement from those of conventional economic models of demand [39], which only views utility as a function of quantity. Improvement of utility functions is needed to accommodate some important phenomena in economic life, such as innovation, product substitution and transformation of consumer preferences. In further studies, the perspective of this model and conventional model (to the utility) can be applied simultaneously: they do not contradict each other. The result of this modification gives interesting results. 

From this simulation, we show that dynamics of demand may arise due to innovation or transformation of consumer preferences. Qualitative changes only occur if the innovation exists. However, innovation without the transformation of consumer preferences can push the system back toward a quasi-stable condition. Innovation and transformation of consumer preferences, which occurred simultaneously, will drive the system away from a stable condition. In this condition, other factor that plays a role: toughness level of agents to their preferences ( ). If we combine the states of quantitative property and qualitative property then we can define 4 types of demand characteristics, due to the existence (or absence) of innovation and transformation of consumer preferences, as shown in table 5. There are 4 demand conditions, namely: “Static Demand”, “Dynamic Demand without Evolution”, “Limited Evolution of Demand” and “Sustainable Evolution of Demand”.

Another interesting property of this model is the emergence of power laws [40] on the distribution of product lifetime. We define product lifetime as the period between birth and extinction of a particular product (or a memeplex). Power law behavior occurs when innovation and transformation of consumer preferences exist or = 0.01 ; = 0.01 ; = 0.01 , for all values of . Figure 6 shows the cumulative distribution function of product lifetime (rounds). Calculation process [41] of the simulation results show that they follow the power law distribution or ( )~ . Values of exponent or scaling parameter ( ) vary between 2.2 to 3.5. If tend to become large, then the values of tend to be smaller.

As homework for further approach, should compare our results with the empirical data. This is, however, not included as the motivation of the paper. Nonetheless, intuitively one is conjectured to find similar results on empirical distribution of economic product lifetime (the period between birth and extinction). There are several studies that might direct us to this intuitive proposal though. The empirical relationship between the frequency and size of extinctions of largest firms is described well to have a power law distribution [42]. Other facts are the product life-span in a store (the period between the time when it first becomes available at a store and the final time when it is sold) that is shown to follow an exponential distribution [43].

Conclusions 
Innovation of products and the transformation of consumer preferences is a thing that is directly related to the concavity of demand function and its dynamics. While innovation is the primary cause of qualitative change, innovation without the transformation of consumer preferences can push the system back toward a quasi stable condition. In real life, innovation and consumer preferences transformation occur simultaneously. Our experiments show that this will bring the economic system move away from a stable condition evolutionarily. Furthermore, how easy economic agents change their preferences ( ) also plays a major role. When agents tend to hardly change their preferences (as denoted by close to 1 (or 0) then simple (complicated) product tends to be more widely accepted. Interestingly, the regime of absolute change appears between the superior and inferior regime. 

We show that innovation and transformation of consumer preferences will ensure the sustainable demand evolution. In the most realistic conditions (innovation and transformation of consumer preferences exist), our simulation produces power law behavior on the distribution of product lifetime, for all values of . 14 The assimilation process between evolutionary approach and conventional economic analysis is very essential for the further development of economic studies, especially in the fundamental concepts of modern economics: supply and demand analysis. Modification of the concept of utility is an alternative that potentially can be used to bridge the gap. This expansion is needed to accommodate some important phenomena in economic life, such as innovation, product substitution and transformation of consumer preferences. The improvement of utility function, in the concept of meme, might create a new landscape for the further development of economics.(论文代写)

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