Technology Integration around the Geographic Information--论文代写范文精选

由于用户的需求日益增长，集成技术,访问和检索信息的任务成为进行决策时的一个关键。这些需求更自然恢复,更快的和相关的信息检索。下面的paper代写范文进行详述。

Abstract 
One of the elements that have popularized and facilitated the use of geographical information on a variety of computational applications has been the use of Web maps; this has opened new research challenges on different subjects, from locating places and people, the study of social behavior or the analyzing of the hidden structures of the terms used in a natural language query used for locating a place. However, the use of geographic information under technological features is not new, instead it has been part of a development and technological integration process. This paper presents a state of the art review about the application of geographic information under different approaches: its use on location based services, the collaborative user participation on it, its contextual-awareness, its use in the Semantic Web and the challenges of its use in natural languge queries. Finally, a prototype that integrates most of these areas is presented. 
Keywords: Geographic Information System, Location Based Services, Mashups, Semantic Web.

Introduction 
As the integration between technology and society grows up, the task of accessing and retrieving information becomes a crucial point for decision-taking activity, caused by the ever growing user’s needs. These needs are resumed in a more natural, faster and pertinent information retrieval; these desirable features are considered because while searching for information, the user experience frequently becomes frustrating due to the impossibility of making a precise petition on the required form, also by the immense quantity of retrieved results or by the imprecision of them, in which there are irrelevant results meanwhile the really relevant responses are not found. There are different fields in which the differentiation of the diversity of users takes a higher importance. 

That is the case for the searching of places and geo-located services, through a digital map for example. Under this focus, the use of located based services (LBS) let the user access to information for locating geographic places and points of interest (POIs), making this desirable to find and locate the more adequate ones to a user’s particular need. In recent years, it has become common the use of digital maps in hands of Google Maps, Yahoo Maps, Live Maps, among many others. 

The relevance of the geographic information has risen a great interest on users and development communities, which is manifested in the huge amount of APIs and mashups applications that have been appearing; there are different location based services, offered by mobile communication and services providers, e.g. there are services for route planning, city guides, hotel guides, etc; most of these applications are commercial or academic products that are generally focused on the locatable contextual dimension. Other researches that consider the geo-located information to place searching includes the COMPASS 2008 project [1] which presents the use of ontologies towards a contextaware personalized information system, the tourist guide based on location from the Cyberguide project [2] which aimed to provide information to tourists based on their position, or the Lancaster City guide [3] in which according to the location and the user’s preferences allows a visitor to get interesting information about the points of interest in the region.

Geographic Information on Computer Maps and LBS 
LBS (Location Based Services) are services that based on user’s geographic location, can provide relevant information to his or her geographic position. The main purposes that a LBS system includes are the identification, search and verification of services that are nearly to a user’s position, fulfilling tasks as identifying a user’s location, locate other persons, objects or places, and provide guidance, information or help to find a particular place [11]. 

The main characteristic from LBS services is that they provide just in time information to the users, considering that the information presented must be from a particular domain of interest to the user and that this information be useful and can be used in the geographic area the user is at. Steiniger [12] presents LBS systems as an infrastructure composed by: users, a communication network, a positioning component (such as a GPS), LBS service provider and data and content providers. The content provider turns to the service provider in order to obtain the geographic data and information needed to answer the user’s query.

Case of Study Prototype 
A prototype for locating restaurants which considers contextual-awareness and Semantic Web technologies was developed. Data from Chefmoz repository (http://chefmoz.org/) was used; this data is maintained by the social collaborative effort of people across the world. The prototype considers the management of users’ and geo-located services’ profiles through ontologies for a more pertinent and personalized information retrieval of geo-located places, matching user and services features, in other words, for this case, the goal was matching personal profiles and Chefmoz restaurants’ data, considering the personal, spatial and temporal contextual domains of a query. 

A process of reverse geocoding over each restaurant described on Chefmoz data was applied, using Google Maps’ geocodification functions. This was because Chefmoz data includes the address of each restaurant in it, but it doesn’t have geospatial information about latitude and longitude coordinates, which are used to locate a point over a Web map. An ontological vocabulary focused on representing the user’s preferences, including user’s characteristics and cuisine preferences was applied as an extension inside the FOAF vocabulary; FOAF is a well known vocabulary that allows describing main data of a user and his or her friends. By adding the proposed vocabulary extension, is a way to show the scalability that the Semantic Web allows. The user location is obtained from a Web map (if this information was not included in the extension of the user’s FOAF file). Until this point, the nearest restaurants to a IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 5, 2009 24 user specified position can be located, but it is also necessary to determine which of these results are the more pertinent considering the user’s preferences.

Conclusions 
The continuous and dynamic changes on the technology adoption by the society have turned the different technological uses of geographic information and applications a crucial component for the decision-taking, inclusive on particular issues, such as the election of the nearest restaurants that provides the most according features against the user preferences.

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