Attitude and Myths towards Rape--论文代写范文精选

引进课程的教育，关于性暴力在医学课程，可能有助于减少强奸受害者的发病率以及更好的管理。强奸和性侵犯的一般统计，在发达国家和全世界越来越普遍。强奸的定义不一致,不同的报告和记录,被判强奸的有争议的统计差异,强奸指控,许多统计数据是不可靠的。下面的paper代写范文将进行详述。

Abstract
Background: Violence against women takes many forms – physical, sexual, psychological and economic. Violence against women harms families and communities across generations and reinforces other violence prevalent in society. Rape myths encompass a set of (false) beliefs about rape that places the blame on the victim and not the perpetrator. Objective: to assess the prevailing attitudes on rape myths among the medical students. Methods: The study was conducted after taking informed consent among 346 undergraduate medical students of P D U Government Medical College, Rajkot, India from January to June, 2013 by using previously validated questionnaire using updated Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale. Results: The age range of 346 medical students was 17 to 23 years with 172 male and 174 female students. Total 24.4% male and 23% female students had very good positive attitude. One fourth of male and one fifth of female students had a more negative attitude. No relation was observed for rape myth acceptance among medical students for residential or socio-economic status. Conclusion: The present study provides insight to the prevalence of attitude and rape myths towards rape among medical students. Introduction of education on gender violence with introduction of courses on ‘sexual violence’ in medical curriculum may help to decrease rape incidence and for better management of victims.

Introduction
Violence against women takes many forms – physical, sexual, psychological and economic.1-3 These forms of violence are interrelated and affect women from before birth to old age. Women who experience violence suffer a range of health problems and their ability to participate in public life is diminished. Violence against women harms families and communities across generations and reinforces other violence prevalent in society.3 

Statistics on rape and sexual assaults are commonly available in developed countries and are becoming more common throughout the world. Inconsistent definitions of rape, different rates of reporting, recording, prosecution and conviction for rape create controversial statistical disparities, and lead to accusations that many rape statistics are unreliable or misleading. 

A total of 2,44,270 incidents of crime against women (both under Indian Penal Code – IPC and Special & Local Laws – SLL) were reported in the India during the year 2012 as compared to 2,28,650 in the year 2011 recording an increase of 6.4% and by 24.7% in the year 2008 . Total 24,923 rape cases reported during year 2012 compared to 21,467 in the year 2008 recording an increase of above 9%.4 Gujarat state reported 473 rape cases during year 2012 with 1.66% crime rate compare to 4.26% for India.5 Rape myths were originally defined by Burt6 as “prejudicial, stereotype, or false beliefs about rape, rape victims, and rapists” which was further described by Lonsway and Fitzgerald7 as “attitudes and beliefs that are generally false yet widely and persistently held and that serve to deny and justify male sexual aggression against women”. Researchers have demonstrated that the acceptance of rape myths not only indicates problematic attitudes, but is also an explanatory predictor in the actual perpetration of sexual violence.8, 9 Rape myths encompass a set of (false) beliefs about rape that places the blame on the victim and not the perpetrator. Following are some of the commonly held myths and misconceptions10: (1) rape is a crime of uncontrollable male sexual drive, (2) rapists can be easily identified by their appearance and behavior, (3) some girls encourage rape just by the way they dress, (4) no one can be raped against her will, (5) most women are sexually assaulted by strangers, (6) women frequently “cry rape” falsely for reasons of revenge, pregnancy or to protect their reputation, (7) most sexual assaults occur in isolated places, and (8) a rape survivor will be battered, bruised and hysterical.

Material and Methods: The present study was conducted among medical students of 1 st, 2nd and 3rd year of MBBS studying at P D U Government Medical College, Rajkot, India. All medical students were invited to participate in the study. About 380 medical students currently studying in MBBS in P D U Medical College, Rajkot and 346 has participated in the study with 91.1% response rate. The students were assured about confidentiality of information and informed consent was taken for participation following a brief about the nature and potential value of the study. Modified Prasad`s socioeconomic classification was used to determine the different socio-economic classes of the study participants.13 Despite the convenience sampling procedure employed, attempt was made to secure a sampling procedure as unbiased as possible and to have in the data as much variability of the variable “place of permanent residence” as possible.14 Therefore, details regarding student`s place of permanent residence was collected, asking for their family`s permanent residence. This was done in an effort to clarify that the student`s place of study should not be confused with their place of permanent residence. Ethical clearance was taken from the Institutional Ethical Committee to conduct the present study. The data was collected from January, 2013 to June, 2013.

Discussion The present study was conducted to determine the medical college students` level of rape myths by comparing with demographic factors. Violence against women is a significant public health problem, which impacts women, men and children.10 Rape myths are a specific set of attitudes and beliefs that may contribute to ongoing sexual violence by shifting blame for sexual assault from perpetrators to victims.[19] Rape victims may seek legal, medical, and mental health assistance, but the literature indicates that many survivors denied help, often leaving them with negative experiences, which have been appropriately termed as ‘the second rape’ or ‘secondary victimization’.20 Educating young adolescents about the nature of rape and the rights and roles of women are logical points of intervention to decrease acceptance of rape myths that target the victim. As a prelude to educate our health personnel the appropriate early step would be to remove any existing myths and misconceptions about rape.10 

With this respect, the present study directed on the prevalent attitude among the medical students with focus on gender, domiciliary and socioeconomic status. One of the important finding reported in present study was 23.7% of the study population had a more positive attitude towards rape, higher than reported previously (20%) in Malaysia.10 The possible explanation for such finding is, with a good educational background one can imagine about the situation among the less educated and illiterates, since there is evidence that younger and better educated people reveal less pro-violence attitudes and less rape myth acceptance.6,10 Present study reported 56.3% female either possessed satisfactory or more positive (23.0%) attitude than male students (50.6% satisfactory and 24.4% more positive attitude). The present study findings are in agreement with previous studies 10, 17, but many other studies have reported male having more acceptances of rape myths than female.14,16,21-24 Study has reported that female police officers evaluated the rape victim more favorably than male officers, which is an indirect, supporting evidence for the present study, regarding the gender difference.25 

This is further supported by the finding that men were more tolerant of rape, more likely to attribute blame for rape, to the victim, and less negative in their views of rapists than women were.22 It is presently not possible to hypothesize for the significantly more positive rape attitude carried by women. But the fact that men carry more negative attitude calls for specialized, targeted, educational interventions.10 It has been suggested that gender and gender attendance at a rape prevention workshop may impact rape myth acceptance, as men and individuals who have not been exposed to rape awareness information disagree less strongly with rape myth 5 statements than women and individuals who have been exposed to rape awareness information19, but at present it cannot be described to what extent an approach involving education would be effective. 

Medical students residing in urban area reported 53.4% - satisfactory and 24.3% - more positive attitude. Almost similar findings reported among students residing in rural area, 53.6% - satisfactory and 19.5% - more positive attitude. Present study did not reported any significant relation of rape myth with residential status like other study10, but several other studies reported that students from rural areas were more conservative with respect to attitudes of accountability for rape, than the urban area students.7,14,26,27 This may be because of in general people belonging to rural background are more likely to tolerate sexual violence and carry more rape myths. 10 

It is interesting to note that rape is not significantly related to residents of urban or rural area28, but the volume of myths they carry may differ as evidenced by other study.10 Probably for the first time, rape attitude of medical students was also assessed as per their socio-economic status of the family. Satisfactory attitude (52.3%) and more positive attitude (24.5%) towards rape myth acceptance is observed among urban resident students, compare to 56.1% - satisfactory and 21.5% - more positive attitude among rural resident students. There was no significant association reported with urban or rural residential status of medical students regarding rape myth acceptance. Current imprisonment of 7 years for rape is not sufficient believed by majority students (75.7 %) and suggested death penalty (45.9%) and life imprisonment (29.8%) for the rapist. The students believe that the current level of punishment is not sufficient and should be increased or changed, so that the future incidence of rape can be minimized. Policy change responses includes, 81.7% students suggested strengthening of laws with more stringent punishment followed by high priority for teaching about rape and its prevention (57.6%), measures towards women empowerment (37.6%), improvements in the databases on rape incidence (26.8%), and interventions and research on aforementioned approaches (11.9%). Similar responses were reported by previous studies.10, 29 In the current scenario, it has been rightly pointed out that education is the most favored approach to reduce sex related violence in the community, followed by increased punishment of the offender.20 

For traumatized crime victims, physician`s plays important role to provide assistance to them.30 The international medical advisory panel of the ‘Planned Parenthood Foundation’ recommends that healthcare professionals should provide advocacy, alongside increasing their awareness of sexual violence and their skills in managing victims, providing support and care for the victims, and implementing preventive actions.31 Young adolescents educated about the nature of rape and the rights and roles of women are logical points of intervention to decrease acceptance of rape myths that target the victim.32 The medical curriculum should include education on gender violence with introduction of courses on ‘sexual violence’ to increase i) their awareness, ii) skills in managing victims, iii) in providing support and care for the victims, iv) in implementing preventive actions17; if they will be implemented it may lead to decrease in the incidence of rape and better management of victims.33 

Limitations The study has some limitations which may affect the applicability of the findings in other situations like, the study was undertaken on a convenient sample hence bias due to non-randomization effect may occur; the study participants were from one medical college only and involving students from other scientific streams and general citizens may have different rape myth acceptance; influential parameters like culture, religion, and ethnic status were not considered because of sensitiveness and potential embarrassment to the participants; findings from studies conducted in developing country may not be directly applicable to other developing countries and also to developed countries because of different ways in which rape may be viewed and punished. 

Conclusion 
The present study provides insight to the prevalence of rape myths attitude among medical students. Introduction of education on gender violence with introduction of courses on ‘sexual violence’ in medical curriculum may help to decrease rape incidence and better management of victims.(paper代写)

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