Feasibility analysis of ease the traffic jams in London--留学生Report代写范文

留学生Report代写范文:“Feasibility analysis of ease the traffic jams in London”，这篇论文主要描述的是经济的发展是人口大量的涌进了一线的城市当中，这使得城市的交通变得更加的拥堵，交通拥堵已经成为了目前城市管理的一大难题，英国的伦敦也是如此，为了能更好地解决这个问题和现象，人们提出了提高最低限速和增加公共自行车的数量来决绝这个问题，那么导这这种方案是否可信呢？

Since the global economy develops at a fever speed and increasing number of people move into cities, traffic congestion, that results from high traffic volumes(Sweet, 2013: 392), is ranked in the most severe social problems (Jones, 1991:247). According to the performance report of London streets in the first quarter from 2012 to 2013 (Transport for London, 2013:11), the traffic volume of the main roads in London stays at a very high rate at 93.2%. Furthermore, the traffic speed on the major roads in London is only 19.33 mph on average between 7 am and 19 pm on weekdays in quarter 1 (ibid: 13). London has been suffering from the traffic congestion for a long time.

London is the economic centre of Europe, which leads to the comparatively high income and makes it possible to increase traffic congestion charging in order to alleviate the congestion. Another option is a common way of increasing the traffic speed, which is to improve the public transportation, such as increasing the number of public bicycles for renting. This report will compare the feasibility of both increasing traffic congestion charge and restrictions on car-driving in terms of cost-effectiveness, social acceptance and effects on environment, and will make the recommendation that setting restrictions on car-driving may release London’s traffic congestion in the long term.

2.0 Background 背景

London has a population of 8.3 million people, accounting 13% of the whole population of UK, but it only occupies less than 1% of the whole area of UK (ONS, 2013). The large population with small region may be a major cause of traffic congestion in London. Nevertheless, London is not only the political capital of UK, but also the financial and economic center; it has GDP of USD 51,978 per capita in 2012 (Brooking Institution, 2013), over half of world GDP which is USD 10,012.3 per capita (the World Bank, 2012). The high income makes it possible to introduce traffic congestion charging to London. Furthermore, modal shares may be a large factor for congestion, since the most common transportation is car, accounting for 34% (Transport in London, 2012:26).

Data shows that the traffic speeds present a downward trend in the twentieth century (Leape, 2006:157). People spend increasing time waiting in traffic jam, especially at high peak times. Moreover, as Sweet (2013:401) claims, traffic congestion may even delay economic activities, so that it may have a negative influence on economic growth. Also, according to the study of Kuènzli et al (2000:795), 50% of death resulted from air pollution is due to traffic emission. Therefore, the traffic problem needs to be solved or it may result in low working efficiency and health.

3.0 Presentations of options 选项的介绍

3.1 Increasing traffic congestion charge

Traffic congestion charging means every vehicle to be charged a certain amount of payment if they enter across the cordon into the city centre of London (Banister, 2003:250). It is regarded acceptable since congestion charging beginning from 2003 has already release traffic in London (Leape, 2006:164). Increasing the congestion price may possibly lead to less willingness of people to drive cars into such zones.

3.2 Restrictions on car-driving

The alternative option to release traffic congestion is to use driving restriction policy to decrease the number of cars on roads. In Beijing,

odd-even car ban is used, which is that each car is banned from road one day in a week (Wang et al, 2013:2). It can be applied in London as well.

4.0 Requirements 要求

The two options presented above will be analyzed in terms of three following requirements:

4.1 Cost-effectiveness

Effectiveness and cost may always be taken into account when considering the solutions to the traffic congestion (Viegas, 2001:290). People will not be willing to pay for the congestion if the congestion charging does not release the traffic. Despite the fact that the congestion price rises slightly from 2003 to 2006 (Murray, 2012:2), it is still regarded as effective since the traffic speed increases at 6% in 2012 (Transport for London, 2013:13).

4.2 Social acceptance

Social acceptance acts as a “clear-cut concept” (Harsman, 2001:3). According to ROCOL (2000, cited in Leape, 2006:157), 90% of people hold the view of too much traffic in London. Therefore, people’s attitudes towards the traffic congestion may be a requirement for a newly suggested transportation policy.

4.3 Effects on environment

The environmental effects may be another vital factor for people to measure the technique, since the environment is directly related to people’s health; according to CIA (2013), London has suffered from the air pollution for a long time, especially by nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter (PM) (Cowie et al, 2012:2199), which may cause diseases.

5.0 Comparisons of options 比较选项

5.1 Cost-effectiveness

5.1.1 Increasing congestion charge

Increasing congestion charge is likely to be a relatively cheap technique due to the fact that congestion charging has been set in London from 2003. However, costs may rise because of the cost incurred by setting more video cameras at the entry point of charging zone (Leape, 2006:163). According to Table 1, congestion charging program seems to bring annualized revenue of ￡160 million except the total costs which can be attributed to improve public transportation.

Congestion charge has risen from ￡5 in 2003 to ￡8 in 2005, and now the charge is ￡10, which leads to a decline in traffic volume in London (Figure 1). Furthermore, traffic speed rises at every time congestion charge rises (Table 2). Therefore, it seems to be effective that increasing congestion charge may release traffic congestion in London in short term.

5.1.2 Restrictions on car-driving

Introducing driving restriction policy into London seems to be a low-cost method; congestion charging has been set in London for about a decade, so infrastructure of video camera at roads’ corner are quite complete. According to Min and Yagang (2010:50), traffic geographic information system (GIS) is used in Beijing to express data, such as traffic flow, speed and occupancy ratios. Figure 2 shows the process of traffic data collection.

Moreover, traffic restriction seems to be effective since there is a decrease by 15.68% in cars on roads after restriction (Liu, 2008:67). Restriction on car-driving may even make people turn to public transport at least once a week.

5.2 Social acceptance

5.2.1 Increasing congestion charge

Public acceptance is the key to the success of congestion charging since people are supposed to be responsible for congestion payment. According to Jones (2003:30), people seem to regard the pricing method of obtaining public transportation appropriate but be less willing to pay for traffic congestion and growth. As Figure 3 shows, only 5% of respondents hold the view that congestion charging is the most effective way to alleviate traffic congestion.

However, if the net revenue will be spent on improving public transport, people are more likely to accept congestion pricing (Jones, 2003:36). Survey in London presents that there are more 20% (from 43% to 63%) of respondents accepting congestion pricing if the revenue of congestion charging is spent in public transport (ibid: 37). Therefore, increasing congestion charge may obtain more support if net revenue of charging is used on public transportation improvements.

5.2.2 Restrictions on car-driving

The biggest difference between Beijing and London is that a large number of residents in Beijing depend on walking and bikes while the most common mode in London is cars (Zhang and Gao, 2008). According to Table 3, before the traffic restriction, people in Beijing are quite satisfied with public transport but the rate of dissatisfaction towards traffic flow is higher than others.

However, traffic restriction in Beijing may lead to about 800,000 cars off everyday, which may possibly smooth the traffic and make people more satisfied with traffic flow (Xinhua, 2008).

5.3 Effects on environment

5.3.1 Increasing congestion charge

It is believed that London’s air quality has improved. Exhaust particulate matter (PM10) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) are two major emissions from vehicles. According to Travel in London Reports 5(2012:93), PM10 decreases by 12.4% from 2008 to 2010, which meets the extreme value of air quality. Furthermore, NOx also drop by 16.4% (ibid: 94). Data in Table 4 also shows that congestion charging may lead to improvement in air pollution since both emissions decline.

Table 4 PM10 Exhaust and NOx emissions from mobile sources in London 

Source: Tfl Travel in London Reports 5(2012)

Increasing congestion price may possibly lead to fewer cars driving into central London, which will let out fewer emissions. Thus, it may have a positive influence on the environment.

5.3.2 Restrictions on car-driving

There are limited data about the influences of traffic restrictions on air pollution in London, but according to Zhang et al (2011:61), vehicle emissions during traffic restriction periods are lower in Beijing than those during non-restriction periods, which prove that traffic restriction is an effective way to reduce air pollutions, such as dust elements. According to Figure 4, the CO emission factors drop significantly.

Furthermore, according to the study of air quality of Beijing in 2007 (Zhang et al, 2011:63), air pollution elements of both traffic restriction and non-restriction periods are analyzed, showing that the concentration ratios are less than 0.4, which approves the effectiveness of traffic restrictions on environment. Therefore, restrictions on car-driving can be effective in reducing air pollution in London.

6.0 Conclusions 结论

The following conclusions are drawn in terms of three requirements:

6.1 Cost-effectiveness

There may be small costs of both techniques for London because of its advanced infrastructure.

6.2 Social Acceptance

Public acceptance can be raised, if revenues of congestion charging are spent on public transport improvements.

6.3 Effects on environment

Comparably, restrictions, leading fewer cars on roads, may have a better influence on air quality.

7.0 Recommendations 建议

Although both increasing congestion charge and setting restriction on car-driving requires low costs in London, increasing congestion charge may bring a large amount of revenue. Furthermore, the number of people supporting congestion charging will increase if the net revenue is spent on improving public transportation system. The two techniques may result in less air pollution in the central London at different degrees, but regarding to the previous study, increasing congestion charge may only be effective in short term. To sum up, setting driving restrictions may possibly be a suitable method in the long run.

51due留学教育原创版权郑重声明：原创留学生代写范文源自编辑创作，未经官方许可，网站谢绝转载。对于侵权行为，未经同意的情况下，51Due有权追究法律责任。

51due为留学生提供最好的服务，亲们可以进入主页了解和获取更多paper代写范文 提供美国留学生作业代写以及report辅导服务，详情可以咨询我们的客服QQ:800020041哟。-xz