Verbal cues on perceptions of female--论文代写范文精选

在美国大量的研究已经表明,所穿的服装专业人士如治疗师、教育者，然而其他研究显示消极的或不确定的结果，在这一领域研究的一个问题是,他们往往涉及评级几个不同的衣服。虽然这是很难避免的。下面的report代写范文进行详述。

Abstract 
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether shoe style has any effect on perceptions of a female physician’s personal characteristics when viewed alongside a transcript of a short outpatient consultation. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty postgraduate students of management or computer science. Twenty-five questionnaires were actually completed. DESIGN: Respondents were randomly assigned to one of three groups, balanced for gender. Each group saw one stimulus combination: consultation transcript only; transcript combined with photograph of ‘physician’ wearing “conservative” black boots; transcript combined with photograph of ‘physician’ wearing “trendy” multicoloured boots. All participants completed the same questionnaire. 

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Perceptions of the physician’s approachability, professional image, ability to empathize with the patient, and amount of specialist experience, measured using five-point scales. RESULTS: When viewed with the consultation transcript, perceptions of the physician wearing “trendy” multicoloured boots showed no significant difference from those of her wearing “conservative” black boots. There was a near-significant effect for approachability, with the physician in black boots being more approachable than the physician in multicoloured boots (p=0.0630). When viewed with the consultation transcript, perceptions of the physician wearing either “trendy” multicoloured boots or “conservative” black boots showed no significant difference from perceptions based on the the consultation transcript alone. CONCLUSIONS: Shoe style does not appear to influence perceptions of female physicians when combined with verbal cues. However, the research requires replication with a larger sample. The incorporation of qualitative response and/or multimodal videotaped stimuli may improve study designs in this area. 
Key Words (MEDLINE): Shoes; Clothing; Nonverbal Communication; Language; Social Perception; Physicians, Women

Introduction 
Research on the effects of clothing on judgements of personal attributes has yielded rather conflicting evidence. A large number of studies conducted in the USA have suggested that the clothing worn by professionals such as therapists, educators, counsellors and businesspeople does influence client perceptions of their qualifications and personality (1, 2, 3, 4). However, other studies have shown negative or inconclusive results (5, 6). One problem with studies in this area is that they have tended to involve rating several differently clothed models sequentially (7, 8, 9). 

Although this is difficult to avoid in certain kinds of comparative research, such a situation poorly mirrors actual life situations, where one normally forms an impression about a single individual with whom one comes into contact. Thus, in our study, we have attempted to control for this “comparison” effect by having the subjects rate only one stimulus each. The interaction between clothing cues and verbal communication has not yet been sufficiently explored. Many studies on attire and person peception (e.g. Lennon & Miller’s study (7)) require the respondents to rate a person on the basis of a drawing or photograph alone, without any accompanying verbal cues. Some studies have combined clothing with verbal material, but they have been in the minority. 

Sondermeyer (10) examined the interactive effects of clothing and powerful/powerless speech styles and found these to be significant; Patton (11) combined clothing with a text and other non-verbal cues in a study of perceived credibility; and Lennon (7) employed a recording of a marketing meeting as a stimulus in her study of the perception of businesswomen. A number of further studies (e.g. Barrett’s study (4)) have also combined clothing and verbal interaction, but, as their verbal elements have not been pre-scripted, they have not been able to control fully for the content or style of the language used during the interaction. In our study, we have followed the examples of Sondermeyer, Patton and Lennon by employing a single transcript of a prior medical consultation. 

Our study has been carried out in the context of a larger ongoing project focussing especially on the role of footwear in apparel-based non-verbal communication. In most clothing studies, the effect of shoe styles on the perception of people has not been systematically assessed, although Lennon & Miller (8) found that “experimental” shoe style and boots were among seven significant physical appearance cues in impression formation. In our study, we have explicitly manipulated shoe style as the independent variable. 

In the medical context, the vast majority of research publications have been concerned with physicians wearing formal/informal attire rather than with their footwear. Those studies that did take into account physicians’ shoes discovered that dress shoes as part of formal attire were largely preferred by patients to sandals, clogs and, in some studies, sports shoes (12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18). Gonzalez Del Rey & Paul (15), for instance, found in their survey that the majority of parents/guardians of pediatric patients in the emergency department of an American hospital would choose physicians dressed most formally in a white laboratory coat, dress shoes, and a tie, while physicians wearing no white laboratory coat, no tie, and tennis shoes were least preferred with 84% of the subjects actually disliking physicians in tennis shoes. 

Interestingly, formal attire was associated with “professional appearance” in 64% of the responses in Gonzalez Del Rey & Paul’s study. However, some other studies were not as negative, and even positive, about physicians’ wearing sports/tennis shoes. For example, Dunn et al (13) revealed that only 27% of their subjects, composed of patients on the general medical services of teaching hospitals in Boston and San Francisco, believed that physicians should not wear tennis shoes. In an Israeli study, family physicians wearing sports shoes, both male and female, were ranked highly by the patients (19). Interestingly, two of these studies (15, 19) reported that physicians’ attire had no influence on the patients’ perception of physicians’ competence and did not really matter to most patients.

Materials and Method 
3.1 Subjects By circulating currently registered postgraduate students in the Management School and Department of Computing at Lancaster University, we recruited an initial volunteer pool of thirtyeight respondents. Fifteen respondents were female and twenty-three were male. The respondents were divided into male and female subsamples, and fifteen respondents from each gender were randomly selected for inclusion in gender-balanced quota samples for each of three experimental stimulus combinations. For each stimulus combination, ten subjects (five male and five female) were selected. Twenty-five of the thirty selected respondents actually returned questionnaires. 

3.2 Stimuli All respondents saw a transcript of a short medical consultation. This was on the subject of a mole which is suspected of possible malignant development. The consultation text formed a distinct part of a longer, real-life consultation contained in the British National Corpus, a one-hundred-millionword collection of samples of spoken and written British English, dating mostly from the early 1990s (20). Small amendments were made to make it easier for non-linguist respondents to read: overlapping speech was turned into neater, drama-like turns; untranscribable speech was omitted or replaced; and anonymization markers were replaced by fictitious names. To give the impression of a discrete consultation, brief opening and closing gambits were also added. 

To enable us to ask about “amount of specialist experience” as a variable, we transferred the setting from a family practice surgery to a specialist outpatient clinic. The original and revised versions of the consultation text are reproduced at Appendix A. We also arranged for a model in her mid-thirties to pose for two photographs. In the study, the model was identified as the physician who conducted the consultation. In both photographs, the model was conservatively dressed in a dark blue top and knee-length skirt. She sat cross-legged with the raised foot pointing towards the camera, and an upwards camera angle from floor level was used so that her footwear was strongly foregrounded. One group saw the model wearing a pair of black calf-length stretch boots with square toes and a medium block heel, whilst the other group saw her wearing a very unusual pair of knee-length boots with a stiletto heel and a pointed toe that were made in a patchwork effect of beige, medium- and dark-brown leather. We considered the black boots to represent a relatively “conservative” shoe style and the multicoloured boots an experimental, “trendy” style. The model’s pose and the camera angle were kept as similar as possible for both pictures.

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