A survey of the prevalence of Schistosomiasis among pupils--论文代写范文精选

在世界范围内，至少有2亿人感染血吸虫病和至少6亿感染的风险。传播血吸虫病发生在淡水蜗牛存在的地方,有人口和水之间的接触。各种因素影响该疾病的传播和感染水平。下面的report代写范文进行详述。

Abstract 
Prevalence of Schistosomiasis in apparently healthy primary school pupils in Apata and Laranto areas of Jos was surveyed using 300 samples of stool and 300 samples of urine. The stool samples were processed using formol ether concentration techniques while the urine samples were processed by ordinary centrifugal sedimentation technique. The overall prevalence of urinary (Schistosoma haematobium) and intestinal (Schistosoma mansoni) schistosomiasis was 0.67%, with three samples (1% prevalence) positive for intestinal (Schistosoma mansoni) and one sample (0.33% prevalence) positive for urinary (Schistosoma haematobium) schistosomiasis respectively. Two of the three cases positive for Schistosoma mansoni were males in the age group of 11–15 years and the one positive for Schistosoma haematobium was a male patient. Prevalence in the studied area is therefore very low and immigration, sex and age dependent.

Introduction 
Schistosomiasis in man is a chronic and debilitating disease caused by flukes known as Schistosomes.(1) It is one of the most common parasitic infections in the world.(2) There are four species of schistosomes responsible for human schistosomiasis - intestinal schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma japonicum and Schistosoma intercalatum and Schistosoma haematobium responsible for urinary shistomiasis.(3) Other Schistosomes of veterinary importance include Schistosoma bovis, Schistosoma mathei, Schistosoma hippopotami, Schistosoma sprinadalis and Schistosoma rohhaini. Some of these have been reported in man.(1) At least 200 million people in 74 countries are infected with schistosomiasis and at least 600 million are at risk of infection.(4)

The intermediate snail host for S. Mansoni is Biomphalarra species. Bulinus snails are intermediate host for S. haematobium and Oncomelania snail for S. japoniacum.(5) The transmission of schistosomiasis takes place only in the place where fresh water snail vector is present and where there is contact between the population and infested water. Various socio-epidemiological factors are responsible for transmission of the disease and level of infection. Among such factors are the following: distance from transmission site, migration and emergence of new foci, urbanization, socio-economic status, sanitation, water supply patterns and level of faecal contamination of water source.(6) 

Those at high risk of infection are people involved in fishing activities, farming, bathing, paddling of canoes, swimming and possibly handling of infected snail host in the case of collecting edible ones.(7) Transmission of urinary and intestinal schistosomiasis occurs when the infected person urinates or defecates in the water bodies which serve as source of drinking or bathing, thereby introducing eggs which hatch into larva that infect the snail hosts. This can only be controlled by the provision of latrines and urinals or the introduction of effective sewage disposal systems. The provision of civilized swimming pools for recreational activities could serve as a good control measure for the spread of the disease.(2) Wearing of footwear to protect the legs could also be a good protective measure against active penetration by the cerceriae of the schistosoma.(8)

COLLECTION OF SAMPLES
This survey was conducted between November 2000 and February 2001. Samples were collected from pupils in Decency Nursery/Primary school (DNPS) Laranto, Bible Faith Christian nursery/Primary school (BCNPS) Laranto and Efficiency Nursery/Primary School (ENPS) Apata. Information collected includes age, sex, water source and whether the pupil has been in Laranto/Apata or has just come new. Each pupil was given two clean, dry screw-capped containers carrying the same identification numbers and were instructed on when and how to collect the samples. The consent of the pupils and their parents were sought and obtained before supra-pubic and terminal urine were collected. Supra-pubic urine was collected from five pupils who complained of lower abdominal pain and were also oliguric. Supra-pubic urine was collected between 10 a.m. and 12 noon and after exercise to ensure maximum excretion of eggs.(9) Both urine and stool samples collected were taken to the laboratory, processed and examined immediately.

Discussion 
From the result obtained (Table 1), only one sample of urine was positive for urinary schistosomiasis giving a prevalence of 0.55%. This prevalence is lower compared to 22.4% in some primary schools in Jos, 2.9% at Abattior area and 49.9% in Faringada and student village area, all in Plateau state, as reported by Akunfongwe.(12) Three (3.33%) stool samples were positive for intestinal Schistosomiasis.(Table 2) This is lower than what was reported in other parts of plateau state. For instance, Akunfongwe (12) reported 8% in Panyam, 28% in Jos, 35% in some primary schools of Jos. The lower prevalence may be as a result of increased awareness about the source of this infection and enforcement of certain rules and regulations aimed at preventing infection by schistosomes. Preliminary survey reveal that for over one year from the time of this survey, these schools near the water body "Rafi" have made it a rule, that no pupil visits the water body for any reason, and de-worm their pupils every year.

The observed prevalence of Schistosomiasis in the study area is very low, probably due to increased awareness on the source of infection and enforcement of certain rules and regulation on the pupils aimed at preventing infection by schistosomiasis. It was also observed that Schistosomiasis in the area studied is dependent on sex, age and immigration. Based on the findings of this study, we hereby recommend as below: Schistosomiasis control programmes should embark more on health education about the life cycle of the parasites, the need for proper disposal of faeces and urine. The federal government should provide pipe borne water to rural areas to further reduce the observed rate of infection with Schistosomiasis in the study area and other parasites that depend on contaminated water for transmission, and pupils/students and civil servants coming to the study area from other stations should be screened before allowing them to settle in the area.

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