Population Stabilization in India--论文代写范文精选

51Due论文代写网精选report代写范文：“Population Stabilization in India: A Sub-State level Analysis ” 这项研究旨在分析经济和政策因素，在印度地区的人口稳定措施(子状态级别)。这反映了在普遍争议的概念。这篇地理report代写范文讲述的是关于印度的人口政策，研究这个概念,我们假设确定人口稳定措施，它更有可能在一个富有的国家，相对于由国家直接干预，人口稳定经济发展成为一个重要的因素。相比之下,在一个贫穷的国家,直接干预的意义是相对于支持经济发展的影响。为了测试假设的有效性,对印度国家的三类区一级数据进行调查。

Abstract
The study aims at analyzing economic and policy factors impinging upon population stabilization measures at the district (sub-state level) in India. It reflects upon popularly debated notions, namely, that development is the best contraceptive or whether contraceptive is the best development. In order to reflect upon this notion, we hypothesize that the factors determining the success of population stabilization measures are likely to be different across rich and poor states. It is more likely that in a rich state economic development becomes a significant factor for population stabilization relative to a direct intervention by the state. By contrast, in a poorer state, direct intervention acquires main significance relative to supporting influence of economic development. 

To test the validity of our assumption, we have the district level data for the three categories of Indian states belonging to different income levels relative to overall average of the country. Thus we focus on the district level information of the three states, namely, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa, which in terms of per capita income, belong to rich, middle income and poor category of states respectively. Our regressions using district level data for three states depict the significance of difference in influential variables across the categories. The results thus confirm our hypothesis that direct intervention acquires main significance at a lower level of per capita state income and economic development becomes a major influential factor at higher levels of per capita state income. The results also support our earlier results using state level data. In the light of these results, it could be emphasized that in the long run development is the best contraceptive. However, in the short run, a considerable achievement could be made by improving basic health and family planning services and by increasing the level of facilities including basic amenities, media and infrastructure development.
Key Words: Population Stabilization, India, Sub-State level Analysis, Regression

Introduction
With her total population exceeding one billion mark, India is the second most populous country in the world. This is despite its more than fifty years of family planning efforts since 1952.(1,2,3). In this long span of population stabilization, numerous policy measures have been attempted. At present, the country has a National Population Policy (4) and some of the states including Andhra Pradesh (A.P), Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh (M.P), Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh (U.P) and Tamil Nadu (T.N) have their state level policies too.(5-10) There is now universal awareness of the need for and methods of family planning. 

Over the decades, the couple protection rate (CPR) has quadrupled from 10.4 percent to 44 percent (1999) and total fertility rate (TFR) has declined from 6.0 (in 1951) to 3.3 (in 1997). Nonetheless the disconcerting fact of adding annually a population of 15.5 million is a matter of concern for planners. It has been recognized that there is a considerable amount of unmet need for contraception and provision of integrated service delivery for basic reproductive and child health care. In the National Population Policy (NPP), meeting these unmet needs forms the immediate objective along with a medium term objective to bring down the TFR to replacement levels by 2010 through implementation of intersectoral operational strategies.

Policy Implications 
Our analysis has focused on the efficiency of population stabilization programmes at the district level. Our regressions using district level data for three states at different levels of per capita income, categorized as poor, middle-income and high-income states depict the significance of difference in influential variables across the categories. The important socio-economic variables for poor state include low per capita income, road development, female empowerment and lack of educational opportunity. Inadequacy of existing government intervention emerges from significance of variables indicating inadequate area coverage by health and family welfare institutions and inability of the family welfare system in reducing post delivery complications. 

The results of middle-income state also denote the significance of above set of variables. However, they differ in two aspects to indicate that: a) government intervention of enhancing skilled attention played a positive role in reducing high fertility in middle-income state and b) impact of female participation in labor force and infrastructure variable like water supply was positive for fertility in the state. By contrast, the results for the rich state depict positive impact of growth in medical institutions and improved schooling for girls as impeding factors in high fertility. The main deterrents for the success of family planning efforts in the rich state are high population density and consequent unmet need for family planning and inequality of per capita income and existence of poverty within prosperity. 

These results thus confirm our hypothesis that direct intervention acquires main significance at a lower level of per capita state income and economic development becomes a major influential factor at higher levels of per capita state income. These results also support our earlier regressions using state level data, which depict the important role played by urbanization, deliveries in medical institutions, total unmet demand for family planning, and household availability of basic amenities like piped water. In the light of these results, it could be emphasized that in the long run development is the be contraceptive. However, in the short run, a considerable achievement could be made by improving basic health and family planning services and by increasing the level of facilities including basic amenities, media and infrastructure development.(论文代写)

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