Cultural conflict resolved by time

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- Cultural conflict resolved by time，本文讲述自动民族志的历史描述了一个复杂而抽象的情况，始于在秘鲁库斯科（Cuzco）发现的手稿，几个世纪前曾被西班牙人征服。该手稿是由一位名叫Richard Pietschmann的学者发现的，并且背景非常有趣。它由瓜曼·波马（Guaman Poma）用两种语言编写，一种是他们的母语叫盖丘亚语，另一种是不合语法的西班牙语。标题是《第一纪事》和《善治》。手稿是给国王的一封信，分为两部分。第一部分称为“新纪事”，它是自动民族志文本的原型。波马用“新纪事报”描绘了一个新世界，而不是编年史，这是西班牙人证明其对美国的征服的工具，通常在当时用作正式文件。他在信中说，美洲印第安人与这些欧洲人有血缘关系，因为他们的祖先也是亚当和夏娃，土著人民与这些欧洲征服者分享了上帝的荣耀，甚至有意取代他们。位于南美的库斯科（Cuzco）取代了耶路撒冷，成为基督教世界的中心。作为安第斯历史的五部分之一，波马将其与五个基督教历史时期联系在一起，使整个社会更接近传统的欧洲观点。

Cultural conflict resolved by time

   The history of auto-ethnography which describes a complex and abstract situation begins with a manuscript discovered in in Cuzco, Peru where once conquered by Spanish a few centuries ago. The manuscript was found by a scholar named Richard Pietschmann and had a very interesting context. It is written by Guaman Poma in two languages, one is their indigenous language called Quechua and another is ungrammatical Spanish. Its title is The First New Chronicle and Good Government. The manuscript is a letter to the king and is divided into two parts. The first part is named “New Chronicle”, which is the archetype of auto-ethnological text. Poma portrayed a new world in “New Chronicle” instead of chronicle which was the tools of Spanish to prove their American conquest and usually used as the official document at that time. In his letter, he described that Amerindians had blood relationship with these Europeans for their ancestors were also Adam and Eve, and the indigenous people shared the glory of god with these European conquerors, even having an intent to replace them. Cuzco which located in South American, replaced Jerusalem and became the center of the Christian world. As one of five parts of Andean history, Poma linked it with five ages of Christian history and made the whole society closer to the traditional European viewpoint.

Moreover, Pratt who had written an essay named “the Art of Contact Zone”, found something significant from his linguistic viewpoint and researched the context of this manuscript carefully. She thought the author of this interesting manuscript displayed the impact of conquer and empire in his words. The most important character of which is the combination of his proud of Inca descent and adoption of Christianity. Thus the manuscript becomes an archetype of auto-ethnography text and is developed.

Besides, these auto-ethnological texts, have no determined audiences. They might be metropolitan audiences or natives from their own community. Most of them get into the dominant culture by speculating from a metropolitan’s viewpoint. These people like Pama represent the first generation influenced by new changes and intend to involve in a current and dominant culture and the old generation also worked together with him and played an important role in their daily life. The whole circumstance makes up a contact zone. For example, as a conquered nation, Poma held a mild opinion toward conquerors and wanted to benefit each other. He blamed the greedy Spanish whereas mimicking their language at the same time. That is to say, dynamics of languages and representations in contact zone is a significant character of auto-ethnological texts and.   

After explanation of auto-ethnography, people will wonder about the purpose and method of application of this analytical tool naturally. Pratt broke up the community of imagination and applied the item “auto-ethnography” to show a dynamical model of contact, collision, and involvement between different cultures. She also led people to recognize the necessary of these erratic things which contradicting with our common sense in some ways. As a reader in contact zone, he or she experiences two different cultures and conflicts personally, which make them can understand thoroughly of the feeling starting point of authors. In the next step, an article, States, written by Edward Said in his book “After the last sky”, is going to be an instance of an auto-ethnographic text.

Edward Said, a Palestinian, symbolized the people with a sympathetic character who witness the loss of their identity. He lived in American, enjoyed the feeling of a celebrity, as least a comfortable life from an ordinary person’s viewpoint. Obviously, he was very sensitive to the tragedies of his compatriot who lived in a contradictory situation. As a generation who met with two different cultures, Said played an important role in the description of Palestine and the self-declaration of Palestinians. In his article, States, paradox and incompatibility appear everywhere, which tells us the current conditions of Palestinians. “it has become what horse, mule, and camel were, and then much more”(541), when described a Mercedes car, he added. However, when readers apply the method of Pratt and read the article carefully from a viewpoint of contact zone, they will track the source of these strange feelings and conclusions. The whole book picked up one hundred and twenty pictures from thousands of pictures taken by Jean Mohr and the words expressed his emotions and thoughts accompanied his lyrical tactics. In those pictures, their daily life is displayed and the common sense of outsiders that Palestinians are equal to terrorists is gotten rid of from audiences’ minds when readers understand the real feeling of author. But these conclusions from Said are never reliable, although they might be valuable, because all of them came from his imagination. After reviewing the article, States, Said used pictures and emotional phenomena to conquer his readers. Actually, all of these are selected from numerous pictures which were also selected by the photographer, Jean Mohr.

The followings are some details in “States” analyzed in Pratt’s way. As a Palestinian educated in America, Said states the problem of Palestine from a double viewpoints. His experienced exile from American mainstream and deeply described his feeling. The word, exile, and its metaphor are also repeated in the article, States. For us it is strange that Said lay the recognition of Palestine on destitution and homelessness. “Wherever we Palestinians are, we are not in our Palestine, which no longer exists. You travel, from one end of the Arab world to the other, in Europe, Africa, the Americas, Australia, and there you find Palestinians like yourself who, like yourself, are subject to special laws, a special status, the markings of a force and violence not yours. Exiles are home as well as abroad. (542)” There is no doubt that this feeling comes from the assimilation of Western mainstream and countries, especially those powerful ones. This claim never contradicts the prediction of metropolitan audiences because they are the sources. However, because of his special identity, he placed the definition on both metropolitan audiences and his siblings spontaneously. Think about it. Said is a Palestinian who does not understand the language of his father, a person growing up in Jerusalem. What he faced are numerous tracks from his family, among which most are from memory or emotion and a fraction are gadgets. “We carry them about ,hang them up on every new set of walls we shelter in, reflect lovingly on them”(544) His condition is similar with Poma, who functioned as a mediator between the Spanish and Indian. Said never experienced the life of a Palestinian refugee and Poma never knew the history of Indians. Their imaginations were from American education or Catholicism. When understanding the background, readers will get the starting point of these authors, “who lives in social spaces where cultures meet, clash, and grapple with each other, often in contexts of highly asymmetrical relations of power, such as colonialism, slavery, or their aftermaths as they are lived out in many parts of the world today”(Pratt, 1998).

Apart from his words, selected pictures also reveal information. He chose a picture displayed at the beginning of States, a Mercedes and a couple accompanied with their families. Details focused on Said are the many applications of a luxury car, the dramatic contradictions between the couple and their surroundings, and playing children. Nevertheless, there are other aspects behind this picture hidden by the author. Classical buildings were its background and ignored by Said, and the expression of these families was also overlooked, whereas hands of the husband and color of the bride were addressed. Then Said ended passages with a sympathy of Palestinians’ imaginary sense of uncertain and unsafety that haunted during these Palestinians even in happy time. Obviously he devoted himself to searching complex relationships, like comparison. This picture is filled with his idea that western power invades the hometown of Palestinians and changed them and the Mercedes is a symbol of the invasion. Thus he was sad for his nation, which as a conquered person using the conquerors language to construct a parodic, oppositional representation of the conquerors own speech (Pratt, 1998). States also ends with a revisionist account of the conquests, like Poma in his “New Chronicle”. Said compromised to western power, pursued famous persons to add Palestinian identity and glory. A typical western viewpoint while Palestinian refugees never think about their national identity or well-known inventions, what they really concerned is a better life! Only the middle class living in the western world like Said pursued the identity strongly, which is his natural thought and reflection. The psychosocial background determines human actions. For Said, the emotions belonging to Middle East and western ways of living entangled during his academic and political life and the complex feeling contributed to his writing style. As a result of a cultural collision, what we can do is relying on time to smooth it.

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