Western modern public administration theory

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- Western modern public administration theory，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了西方现代公共行政理论。西方公共行政理论的价值传统是效率至上的，围绕这个价值核心，西方公共行政理论发展了实现高效率的手段和途径。纵观西方现代公共行政理论的发展，摆脱了传统公共行政理论组织和制度的简单维度，拓展到理念、方式、结构、工具、使命等综合维度。此外，西方现代公共行政理论实现了从管理主义到宪政主义，从技术理性到价值理性的转变。

The value tradition of western public administration theory is efficiency first, centering on this value core, western public administration theory has developed the means and ways to realize high efficiency. Both the traditional public administration theory and the new public administration theory criticizing the traditional theory in the late 20th century focus on improving efficiency. Of course, in the history of western public administration theory, the struggle between technology and value rationality never stopped for a moment. The reflection and reform on the supremacy of efficiency promoted the development of administrative theory and practice.

The management paradigm is declining and the governance paradigm is rising. The essence of governance is to emphasize the governance mechanism, which is the interaction of multiple governance and the interaction of actors. The following is a detailed description of the development of modern public administration theory in the west, trying to find the basic characteristics and rules, and provide enlightenment for the development of public administration theory in China.

In the 1970s and 1980s, governments introduced enterprises into government departments to improve administrative efficiency and launched a wave of vigorous government reform. The new public management theory holds that bureaucratic malady can be cured through decentralization, competition, deregulation, entrustment and other means. This theory is the peak of the development of traditional administrative managerialism and technical rationality, but it also arouses many criticisms and doubts. One of the most effective is from the new public service theory, in order to criticize the traditional public administration theory of management and technical rationalism, new public service theory of democratic citizenship, community organizations and civil society theory, humanism and the theory of new public administration, the postmodern public administration kernel, laid out with the traditional public administration theory of constitutionalism and the value rationality. Therefore, the new public service theory can be summarized as a set of theories about the role of public administration in the citizen-centered governance system. The focus of the theory is people-centered. So this high degree of citizenship is not only important but achievable, citizens should be seen as masters of government and able to act together in pursuit of the greater good.

In addition to the criticism of the new public service theory, the new public management movement also attracted criticism from other theories. One of them is the holistic governance theory put forward in the 1990s for the function fragmentation and service fragmentation caused by new public management. Holistic governance starts from the two dimensions of coordination and integration and provides a new governance paradigm to meet the real needs of the public. On the organizational structure, the organizational foundation of holistic governance is supported by functional integration. The methodological basis of holistic governance is problem-solving oriented. The government system should innovate and change in the governance method, thinking mode and operating mechanism. First, absorb the resources and advantages of stakeholders, including government agencies, to form an intelligent cluster. Second, implement an integrated solution from prevention, diagnosis to solution. Finally, to achieve the overall operation of the government. The value foundation of holistic governance is based on public demand. Therefore, it focuses on the development and improvement of modern polling technology, positioning the focus of citizens' needs, greatly disintermediating organizations, and enhancing the direct interaction between the government and the public. Holistic governance as a new paradigm in the field of public administration science, deviate from the function reengineering and steering function reconstruction, away from experience oriented approach to problem solving oriented method, the deviation from the government department to start their own convenience and towards to the public demand as the core, the three basic mutual connection, organic composition, jointly present a theoretical basis for full view picture.

Originally put forward by Stephen goldsmith and William d. egers, networked governance theory mainly refers to the philosophy of relying heavily on partnerships to balance various ngos to improve public value. Networked governance has the following basic characteristics: at the governance subject level, the cooperative partnership between multiple subjects is built on the basis of equality and mutual trust. At the value level, partners pursue public value as value and form a form of power sharing and risk sharing. At the level of governance mechanism, the government takes the management of network as its basic function and tries to build a good information sharing mechanism and communication and consultation mechanism. Fourthly, at the level of governance tools, periodic contracts between network governance subjects, different network types that assist government management, databases and information systems provide more convenient governance tools for each link of network governance. Network governance provides a structural basis for public governance. It is in this network structure that the government can integrate the forces of itself, social organizations, communities, citizens and other subjects to achieve good governance.

Digital governance refers to the application of information technology in the interaction between the government and civil society, the government and the economic society represented by enterprises and the operation within the government, which simplifies the processing procedures of government administration and public affairs and improves the governance mode of democratization degree. The representative figure of digital governance is pachaek dunleavy, who tries to find some clues from weber's theoretical framework of bureaucracy, and believes that the electronic and digital government reconstructs and simplifies government office processes and improves government administrative efficiency. Digital governance theory is a governance theory put forward on the basis of holistic governance theory combined with the digital era. The core of governance in the digital era is to emphasize the re-integration of services, integrated and collaborative decision-making methods and extensive digitalization of electronic administrative operations. This theory provides a digital governance tool for public governance. Compared with the previous several governance theories, it is more combined with the contemporary background and USES the Internet or big data technology to help governance theories. Digital governance conforms to the current development background of big data application and smart city construction, and has far-reaching development prospects.

In 1995, mark Moore of Harvard University published the book Creating Public Value: Strategic Managementin Government, which was the first to put forward the concept of "Public Value". According to the theory of public value management, the mission of public managers is to create public value, and "knowing public value is the key step to create public value". The theory of public value management restates the relationship between politics and administration, repositions the relationship between democracy and efficiency, and pays more attention to the role of politics. At the same time, the theory of public value management does not think that democracy and efficiency are independent relations, but partnership. In the process of public value management, democracy and efficiency should be both, which is the pursuit of efficiency in the democratic environment and process, and the efficiency based on democracy, so as to realize public value. Public value management theory contributes "mission" to the theoretical system of public governance, that is, to pursue and create public value, and to seek the collective preference of the public through cooperation and consultation in the network structure, and to realize common interests and values through regular interaction and communication.

Throughout the development of modern western public administration theory, it has got rid of the simple dimension of traditional public administration theory organization and system, and expanded to the comprehensive dimension of idea, mode, structure, tool and mission. In addition, western modern public administration theory has realized the transformation from managerialism to constitutionalism, from technical rationality to value rationality.

From the beginning of the founding of the United States, public administration has a history of more than 200 years from the perspective of the development of paradigm. Especially since the late 19th century, with the establishment of public administration as an independent discipline, American public administration has constantly changed its analytical framework, updated its research content, adopted new research methods and created new research fields. The result of these efforts has formed the development path of the conflict and integration between the two paradigms of constitutionalism and managerialism. Western modern public administration theory emphasizes the return to public value and citizenship, opposes the traditional management orientation and technical rationality, and criticizes the traditional excessive focus on efficiency. It can be said that western modern public administration theory is developed around citizenship and publicity.

Traditional public administration theory emphasizes a single subject, all public affairs are under the control of the government's power, public policy is a black box, and public services are provided by the government. Since then, the welfare state has failed and social problems have become more complex. In the period of new public management, the role of market subjects was taken into consideration, and the government tried to cooperate with the market to authorize the market to produce public services and purchase them, in which the government played a leading role. However, the dual structure of government and market still cannot solve social problems well. The concept of government management hinders the development of civil society and the governance of public affairs. The prominent feature of the emerging public governance theory is that the subjects covered by the theory are more diversified and each subject is equal and cooperative in the theoretical presupposition. Of course, there are still debates about whether a meta-governance body should be constructed and whether the government should play a guiding role. While the subject is diversified, the value also tends to be diversified, trying to coordinate the relationship between democracy and efficiency, and paying more attention to the realization of public value.

Although the theory of governance is a modern public administration theory, it is also developed on the basis of inheriting the advantages of traditional theory and other disciplines. Many scholars believe that public administration does not have its own original theory, which is basically based on the theory of other disciplines. For example, the theory of public governance integrates social network analysis and field theory of sociology, draws lessons from institutional analysis methods of new institutionalism economics, contract governance, principal-agent, transaction costs, incentive issues, moral issues, and even big data management theories of science and engineering. The theory of public governance integrates the advantages of multi-disciplinary theories. On the one hand, it is more frequently influenced by interdisciplinary theories; on the other hand, it is also required to deal with social public governance problems. The complexity and comprehensiveness of the problems promote the cross-development of theories.

At present, Chinese government governance is still characterized by distinct managerialism, and the government occupies an absolute authoritative position in public affairs governance. Although in recent years, it has gradually cultivated social organizations and the development of civil society, it is still unable to let go, leading to the government's inability to adapt to the increasingly diverse social development. For example, from the perspective of public services, the government's reform of public services over the past decades is still faced with the problems of insufficient and unbalanced total public services. Public policy making is often criticized for not being open and transparent, which affects the credibility of the government. Therefore, the relationship among government, market and social organizations should be well handled. The theory of public governance in the west has a unique achievement in dealing with these three relations. From the top-level design, how to change the tendency of managerialism and technical rationality, more authorization and focus on civil rights. On the operational level, how to coordinate the relationship between the government, the market and social organizations, give full play to the advantages of each subject, and form an integrated public governance structure and capability? These problems are related to the modernization of China's national governance system and governance capacity.

Today's government reform is not limited to the two levels of organization and system, but should be extended to the concept, method, structure, tools, mission and other comprehensive level. Western public governance theory advocates the diversification of subject and value, which is a new opportunity to reform China's social governance. The development of the theory of public administration in our country should also combine with the social reality and develop a more suitable localization theory on the basis of investigating the practical problems in our country. Draw lessons from the advantage theory core of other discipline, enrich and perfect national governance theory.

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