Greek drama

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- Greek drama，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了古希腊戏剧。最早的古希腊戏剧属于爱琴文明，在这里产生了绚烂多彩的文化。在公元前6世纪至公元前4世纪前后，古希腊就出现了全国性的歌舞表演和戏剧竞赛活动，它极大地促进了戏剧艺术的繁荣和发展。其中悲剧是直接起源于乡村祭颂酒神狄俄尼索斯的歌舞仪式，在希腊文中悲剧一词的原意是山羊之歌，因为歌舞表演者有形似山羊的化妆。在表演时，祭者身披羊皮，头戴羊角，边歌边舞，之后又增加了领队与歌舞的对话。于是，悲剧的雏形开始出现。喜剧则起源于秋季庆祝丰收、答谢酒神的狂欢歌。

Ancient Greece as the birthplace of western literature, its significance can not be described. By the 5th century BC, literature had matured, and many dramatists and philosophers appeared in this golden age of literature and art. Aeschylus, sophocles and Euripides, three Greek tragic dramatists, reflected the sense of nobility and the concept of human's freedom of existence in the exploration of human destiny in the early embryonic stage through fear and class attribute in the oldest art form -- drama.

"Civilization" is the comprehensive category of geography, religion, language and clan, and it is also the synthesis of people changing the world and creating material, spiritual and spiritual culture. Human beings have produced literature on the basis of "civilization". The earliest ancient Greek drama belongs to aiqin civilization, which has produced colorful culture here. Such as Homer's epic written by blind Homer, hesiod's long work and time and god's book written in the 8th century BC. Literature records the life, legends, labor practices and moral behavior of the early greeks. It also gave birth to great philosophical thoughts and traditional ethical thoughts. As one of the three major types of ancient Greek literature, it not only formed early, but also developed quite mature. From the 6th century BC to the 4th century BC, national song and dance performances and drama competitions appeared in ancient Greece, which greatly promoted the prosperity and development of drama art. According to the popular academic point of view: the ancient Greek drama history originated from the spring dionysian sacrifice in the "dionysian carols." Among them, tragedy is directly originated from the village singing and dancing ceremony to Dionysus, the god of wine. In Greek, the word "tragedy" originally means "goat song", because the performers have the makeup of goats. During the performance, the sacrificial priest wears sheepskin and horns, singing and dancing, and then adds the dialogue between the leader and the song and dance. So tragedy began to take shape. Comedy originated from the autumn harvest celebration, thanks to the bacchanalian carnival song.

Aeschylus has a reputation as the father of tragedy and a poet of strong inclination. Aeschylus grew up as a child and young man in the midst of a riot of war, during the brutal reign of hippias. He joined the army as a child in the famous battle of marathon. He cruised around Italy in his middle years and eventually died in the land he loved.

His representative work, Prometheus bound, has a simple and straightforward plot, but it reflects the status quo of social environment at that time, as well as the indomitable pursuit of democracy and freedom, the yearning for love and peace, the indomitable fear, contempt and the determination to march forward. Prometheus, of the Titan, gave generously to earth the fire which he had stolen from heaven. This kind of behavior violates Zeus' will, driving the sun car to send the sky fire to the world, was detected by Zeus, tied him in the caucasia mountain, the day let the evil eagle to peck at his viscera, grow up again at night, the next day the evil eagle to continue to peck. For man's fire. Prometheus endured great suffering, and Prometheus stood on the stage of literary history as a symbol of resistance. Where there is rule there must be resistance, and there must be free, noble, unyielding souls. In this story we feel the reader's great sympathy for prosius. This is also the view "sympathy theory" put forward by the aesthetician Hume. This compassion is what lipes calls empathy -- "sharing someone else's feelings." We also imagine Prometheus' suffering through compassion, and then we experience pleasure or pain accordingly.

Those who create peace in times of peace create great thinkers and writers in times of no peace. Aeschylus is obviously the latter. His living environment, social status, it happened with his social change and personal thoughts contradiction, therefore, his heart is very contradictory and painful, as part of an active fighters on the battlefield, this time he put his passion and courage in the drama and literary works, "Prometheus bound" is the most famous of these. So Marx said Prometheus was the first saint and martyr in the philosophical calendar.

Early man did not know the word "destiny" at all. Only later great thinker Plato first put forward the theory of animism. Later, Kant's theory of "collective unconscious" and Italian vic's idea of originality and universality in imagistic thinking gave people the concept of "destiny", which is unknowable, inaccessible and uncontrollable to a certain extent. In the world of ancient Greek gods, fate was of course decided by the gods, such as hades, the god of death. This mysterious power has created fear in human beings, because they know that they cannot change the fate of their own power alone.

Oedipus the king, which Aristotle praised as a "perfect tragedy". The story of killing his father and marrying his mother is very clear to everyone. But we have to marvel at the reality is so ruthless, tragedy is those who did not make a mistake to bear a lot of pain and crime. This is tragedy, this is fate.

In fact, fate and luck are two different concepts. Destiny, a particular object; Movement is a variable, referring to the transformation of time and space. But such a tragedy is also based on certain philosophical Revelations. "Tragedy" is in a sense a disaster and waste forced implementation of an innocent person, in fact, the "victim" has no fault, he is god arranged the fate of the tragedy "scapegoat". Destiny also means the limitation of human beings, means a certain defect of human nature. Although we showed our sympathy to Oedipus, praised his strong will and heroic action, and affirmed the spirit of the subject who dared to resist fate, which reflected the ideology of the slave-owning Democrats in Athens. But as Oedipus, the typical tragic figure, says, "we cannot fight against fate." Hegel also thought that the tragic effect was not only Aristotle's fear and pity, but also his joy and exhilaration.

Longinus, the ancient Roman aesthetician, first proposed the sublime beauty. Sublime has two meanings. One is morality, which is very narrow and single-minded. All aesthetes in this perspective regard morality as a great source of sublimity and achieve unprecedented consensus. The second is fear, which is a perspective of psychological experience. Predecessors all believe that fear is a great source of sublime feeling, but they have different views on the details of fear generating sublime feeling. The biggest consensus is that the object of fear only generates fear and cannot pose a real threat to the audience who appreciate beauty. The source of fear is usually force majeure, either nature or powerful people.

Winkelmann was a great admirer of the noble art of ancient Greece. He believed that simplicity and simplicity can also produce a sense of nobility, and he believed that simplicity brings the sublime: "like the purest water from a spring, the more tasteless the better". In addition to the simple nature of the sublime art, there is another "quiet greatness", he felt that "like the surface of the sea waves, but the depths are always calm abnormal." "No transcendence, no tragedy," jaspers said. Transcendence is the most profound connotation of western tragedy and the core of tragedy spirit. And modern people love ancient drama, they prefer to use the word "noble" beauty to describe the artistic charm of Greek drama. Apollo, the gentle and quiet sun god, was sublime; Prometheus, who stole fire from heaven and saved men, was noble from fear to rebellion; Oedipus silently stabbed blind eyes exile, save the country, bearing a tragic fate is noble. Euripides and women's concerns

Euripides was a tragic writer in the crisis of Athenian democracy. Although he came from an aristocratic family, he was a clear supporter of democracy politically. Because of his strong opposition to the tyranny and policies of Athens, he was ostracized and exiled, as were many poets such as Dante and byron. He died in Macedonia.

Legend has it that Euripides wrote nearly a hundred plays in his life. There are 18 complete tragedies in existence, including alktis, hippolytus, Trojan women, Medea, petitioned women and andromack. Most of Euripides' tragedies are also based on myths and legends. But with a stronger sense of purpose, the gods and heroes in the play have lost their former glory, while ordinary people, especially oppressed women, have become the main characters in the play.

Euripides was very interested in the fate of women. Of the 18 tragedies that remain, 12 are about women. Medea is based on Greek mythology. It is with Jason the story that obtains gold wool below Medea help is a foundation, narrated emphatically Jason obtains the contradictory conflict between gold wool after coming back and metier and sad enmity.

It tells the story of Jason's discovery that his father had been murdered by his half brother polyas and that his throne had been usurped. And he made Medea his wife avenge him. Medea used witchcraft to get rid of it? But his son threw him out. So they came to krentos. Later, in order to obtain the right to inherit the throne of krentos, Jason decided to abandon Medea and marry the princess of that country. In order to prevent Medea, onkaurieng decided to expel its mother and son abroad. Medea pleaded in vain and began a brutal act of revenge. She put a new clothes infected with phosphorescent poison to the princess glauci, the new clothes a body, the princess was burned to death. The king came to the rescue and was burned to death. Later, she killed her own two children as a cruel revenge for her husband. And the mastermind of all this is Medea. From the beginning of the tragedy, the abandoned Medea was in extreme grief and anger. What had happened before provided a logical emotional and psychological basis for Medea's revenge. In order to help Jason get the golden fleece, Medea betrayed her family, killed her brother who was chasing after her, and followed Jason to Athens. Only for love to throw everything Medea was Jason mercilessly abandoned. Medea, who was passionate, strong, and aggressive, could not accept this fact. Then, the fever of love turned into a fury of revenge.

Of all sensible and intelligent creatures, we women are the most unfortunate. First of all, we have to pay a lot of money for a husband, who will become our master. ... The most important outcome will depend on whether we get a good husband or a bad guy. Because divorce is a disgrace to us women... A man living with the people of the family worry, can go outside to spread accumulation, but we women can only rely on a person.

This passage reflects the injustice of women in slavery or virtual slavery to their position of being manipulated. Medea's line is called "the world's first declaration of equal rights for women" by some literary historians. Since a woman has given her all to this man, and her requirements for this man are not satisfied, or even abandoned, her pain is very strong.

The significance of Medea lies not only in the moral theme and female position it embodies, but also in the fact that it opens the precedent of social and family tragedy, and makes the tragedy of Europe unique. The author pays attention to the issue of women's status and can reflect it from the standpoint of women, denounces the unequal social phenomenon between men and women, criticizes Jason's ungrateful behavior, and expresses sympathy for women like Medea. In addition, through the story of Medea and Jason, the tragedy describes the image of Jason's greed, selfishness and treachery, and expresses the author's critical attitude to society and democratic thought. Jason fell from the hero of the fairy tale to the shameless villain, expressing the author's criticism of the social reality after the decline of the Athenian democracy, and expressing his democratic thought. It is of special significance to the development of tragic art. Moreover, Euripides added slapstick atmosphere and romance to the tragedy. It creates a new type of tragedy that combines sadness and joy. It has exerted an important influence on the works of Shakespeare and Racine.

Aristophanes, known as the "father of comedy" by Engels, was a comedy writer in ancient Greece. His creation had a positive effect on the development of Greek drama art and had a certain impact on European drama creation. Aristophanes was an Athenian citizen who lived at a time when the crisis of Athenian slavery and democracy was deepening. In the face of various social abuses, aristophanes exposed and attacked them from the standpoint of freedom and peasants. He opposed war and inequality, stood up for democracy and women's rights, and delivered a poignant satire on some Athenian politicians in his plays.

The akanai is aristophanes's most famous anti-war comedy calling for freedom and equality. It's about the peasant dikanopolis making peace with the spartans on behalf of the peasants who were suffering from the war, and being attacked by the renegades, who accused them of treason, and risking his life to persuade them, and at the end it's clear that the war was only for the benefit of the demagogues and the officers. Then, come back from the banquet and enjoy the happiness of peace.

"The akanai" is a comedy whose core ideology is peace and opposition to civil war. The play from the "opening" prologue, chorus admission, refutation, leader narrative, drama scene, exit. Each key reflects the author's hatred of war and hope for peace. The poet makes full use of the writing technique of contrast in comedy, contrasting the joy of peace with the cruelty of war, highlighting the core idea of comedy. The treatment of these artistic techniques and the thoughts of the dramatists clearly explain the mainstream consciousness of the artists in ancient Rome calling for peace.

To sum up, in the drama of Greek literature, we experience the philosophical thinking of the Greek literati. They are different from the Pythagorean school in the study of a wide range of fields, emphasizing harmony, "mixed more than one" in music and architecture, sculpture about philosophy; Unlike Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, who emphasized holistic art and the pleasure of imitation and artistic psychology. Unlike Horace and Virgil in the later Roman period, they highlighted typical characters and noble status. Greek drama is only the most popular folk story and the deification of human childhood to understand and question life. Just imagine that for 6,000 years of recorded human history, these subjects of fate, revenge and freedom are still the true meaning and ideal we pursue together. It was enough to show the immortality of the early Greek dramatists.

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