The difference and combination of humanities and natural sciences

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- The difference and combination of humanities and natural sciences，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了人文科学与自然科学的差异与结合。自然科学是普遍性科学，自然科学的规律对世界各国都适用，不同的人们在自然科学问题上容易取得一致意见和交流。而人文科学的原理和观点在不同国家、有明显的差异，较难交流和取得一致看法。另外，人文科学与自然科学的知识是联系和相通的，这种相通一是表现于这两类学科都是人类知识链条上的环节，有的学科是兼有自然科学和人文科学的双重特点的。

In the early days of the germination of human culture, that is, in the ancient times when there was language, writing, myth and art, there was no distinction between human culture and scientific culture. In ancient philosophy, also often contain both natural knowledge, and with the cognition to the social phenomenon, for example, it is hard to believe Aristotle is on behalf of the humanities culture scholars, or is on behalf of the scientific and cultural scholars, are difficult to affirm the idea of "nature and humanity" in ancient China is belong to the science and culture, or it belongs to the humanities culture. Scientific spirit and humanistic spirit did not differentiate or coexist in ancient times, and were reflected in early religious consciousness. Theocracy in ancient times is not only against the scientific spirit, but also against the humanistic spirit. It is the coexistence of non-scientism and non-humanism, or the "negative coexistence" of scientific culture and humanistic culture.

Most scholars in the modern Renaissance advocated both humanism and scientism. From the early Renaissance to the 18th century, despite important advances in astronomy and mechanics, humanistic consciousness prevailed in social culture. Da Vinci, Dante, Shakespeare, Cervantes, Michelangelo, bacon, Descartes, Rousseau, voltaire, diderot, etc., were the more influential scholars at that time, as well as the pioneers and founders of the world's humanistic culture.

By the 19th century, things had changed significantly. Because of the cloud, saying, the law of conservation of energy, atomic theory, periodic trends, electromagnetic theory, the evolution and the establishment of scientific achievements, such as cell theory the formation of the natural science system, especially due to the development of the industrial revolution, science and technology culture has been perfect and show strength, rapidly in the social and cultural impact than the humanities culture gradually.

Since the 20th century, due to the establishment of relativity and quantum mechanics, natural science has made revolutionary progress. With the rise and wide application of electric power technology and internal combustion engine technology, scientific and technological culture has greatly promoted the development of social economy and the improvement of people's living standards. Meanwhile, scientific and technological strength also showed great power in wars. In this century, in the field of natural science, quickly separated each technology science, engineering science, institute of education, especially the engineering education have an unprecedented development, in the social life, scientists, engineers and writers have a clear division of labor, in universities, the original engineering differentiation for mining and metallurgy, materials, machinery, electricity, communications, civil engineering, and many other departments, set up a group of predominantly in science and engineering universities or colleges. The popularization of the knowledge of natural science and the training of technical ability are of great significance in social life, and are related to people's future and destiny. In this case, there is an imbalance between science and technology culture and humanistic culture, and humanistic culture and humanistic education fall from the original peak step by step, or even to the lowest point. In our country, in order to catch up with the development of science and technology in the world and realize modernization as soon as possible, there has been the practice of liberal arts and science in secondary schools.

The separation of the two cultures has had profound social consequences, as described by C.P. snow, the British government's scientific adviser, in "the two cultures". Snow had appeared for many days, working with scientists, and there are some colleagues on literature, in his view, the scientists and astronomers have similar intelligence, experience, same social origin and no obvious difference, income, but they are almost completely, no longer on the intellectual, moral and psychological qualities, they have in common is so little. He believes that in real life, there are two opposing cultures, one is humanistic culture, the other is scientific culture, and there is a gap between the two cultures that they do not understand each other, and sometimes there is hostility and antipathy. They had a preposterously distorted impression of each other.

The separation of the two cultures can also be seen in some criticism. Contemporary trends of thought, such as Frankfurt school and postmodernism, criticize modern civilization for paying too much attention to reason, efficiency, material, utility and obedience, and lack of emotion, ideal, spirit and critical attitude. It advocates criticizing and sublating scientific and technological culture and returning to humanistic culture, and advocates replacing or enriching scientific spirit with humanistic spirit.

The separation of humanistic culture and scientific culture has its historical origin and internal basis, which is the difference between humanistic science and natural science in many aspects, and they have their own characteristics in objects, contents, methods and rules.

Any science is the subject of the object of cognition, but natural science, especially astronomy, geoscience, physics, chemistry and biology of the research object is "non-human" nature, in a sense, natural science is mainly "object science". To a large extent, human science is "subjective science" or "participatory science". Its object is the activity and result that people with conscious consciousness and purpose participate in, and it is people who study what is created and constituted by their own will.

Any science has the unity of materials and views, but natural science is mainly "empirical science", in the works and articles of natural science, there will be about 70% of the facts and data, and 30% of the analysis. The humanities are mainly "explanatory sciences". In the works and articles of the humanities, there are often less than 30% of the actual data, and more than 70% of the analysis, argumentation or explanation.

Any science looks back to the past and explores the future, but the natural sciences are mainly "innovative sciences", which are more concerned with the latest progress, the latest achievements, rather than the historical things or even the documents and opinions of ten years ago. To a large extent, the humanities are "historical sciences". The history of economic history, economic ideology history, political history, political theory history, legal history, philosophy history, ethics history, literature history, art history and so on are of special significance to the study of liberal arts.

In addition to astronomy and earth science, natural science is mainly "experimental science", which needs to make the object expose its true colors and know the object in the process of artificially changing the object. Although the research of humanities science also has the typical experiment component, but it is mainly "the observation science", needs the day to see the result and the day to see the people's mind;

Any science has both qualitative and quantitative research, but it can be said that natural science is "precise science". At least at present, except economics, the quantitative level of the humanities is still very low, can be said to be basically "fuzzy science";

Any science has both inductive and rational deduction, as well as elements of conjecture, intuition and fantasy. However, natural science has more rigorous mathematical derivation, which is strong argumentation or even does not allow for logical leap. Natural science is "mathematical science" or "logical science". In the research of the humanities, there are more elements of induction, speculation, assumption and experience. It can be said that the humanities are "intuitive science" or "inspiration science" to a considerable extent.

Science needs experts and cannot be separated from the public, but the research and discussion of various natural science issues are mainly the affairs of experts, and the general public is difficult and seldom concerned about and interrupt, natural science is "professional science". The problem of the humanities concern to people is not only, and is the public can explore and speaking, we can hardly see jurist say concerning the matter of high energy physics, but easier to see high-energy physicists ideas about how to perfect the law, even everyone to pose as an expert in social problems, in a sense said the humanities is a "secular science";

Natural science is a "universal science". The laws of natural science are applicable to all countries, regions and classes in the world. The principles and views of the humanities vary markedly from country to country, nation to nation, and region to region. Different people often have different opinions on the humanities, and it is difficult to communicate and reach a consensus. The humanities are "special sciences" or "national sciences".

Any science is knowledge system or systematic knowledge, but relatively speaking, natural science is a "strong source of science", from the perspective of teaching, theoretical mechanics must be taken before structural mechanics, physiology and pathology must be taken before pathology, science college students in the first year of course learning is not good in the third year of course learning. Although the humanities are different from "parallel science" or "library science", it is not necessary to study philosophy before studying ethics or economics before studying law, but it needs to be accumulated in many aspects or multiple channels.

Science is not only a system of knowledge and cognitive activities, but also a social institution. However, natural science is a "strongly institutionalized science". For example, the science administered by the ministry of science and technology or the commission of science and technology of the state, provinces and cities is basically a natural science. The humanities, on the other hand, basically have no state or government system and are "liberal sciences".

The above ten points are mainly the differences between the humanities and natural sciences in "form", more importantly, they also have functions, missions or tasks. It is because of these differences that they need to be combined, that they can be combined, and that they have the problems and difficulties of combining.

It is necessary to recognize the differences between the humanities and natural sciences, but emphasizing or even exaggerating the differences may go to the other extreme, belittling or even denying the humanities. For example, it holds that only natural sciences are "law sciences", while humanities and social sciences are "rule sciences". Natural science is a theory of "science", is "empirical science" social science, even think that only science, natural science is the concept of the humanities and social science is just a misunderstanding, such as George soros metaphor would be a mistake to think the term social science, social science is a kind of alchemy, not science, social science because of had the ambition to imitate the natural science, so is the idea of against itself.

The difference between the humanities and natural sciences is based on the fact that the similarities and combinations of humanities and natural sciences can be further discussed because of their differences, and it is helpful to strengthen the combination to analyze the characteristics of each other. Above, we're going to focus on the differences on the premise that they're identical, and here we're going to focus on the similarities and combinations on the premise that they're different.

In some speeches and articles that emphasize the combination of scientific spirit and humanistic spirit, it may be implied that the scientific spirit is "non-humanistic", so the humanistic spirit is "non-scientific". In fact, the division of scientific spirit and humanistic spirit is relative, and the division of natural science and humanistic science is also relative. First of all, there is rational identity between them. The humanities and social sciences are both sciences.

Here said the "identity" of reason is generalized: one refers to the natural sciences and the humanities are not perceptual experience and common sense, is a concept, principle, theories of system, such as politics, unlike manifesto, demology, unlike fertility status, ethics is different from the public morality, aesthetics is different from painting image; 2 refers to the natural sciences and the humanities to find objective laws as own duty, and are likely to reveal the regularity, regularity, so-called simple said is repeatable inevitability, for example, "the social material civilization is the foundation of spiritual civilization", "social productivity in general is rising", "productivity level decides the nature of the production relations", "commodity price fluctuates around value" has repeatability, objectivity and inevitability, such as are regular things, cannot be ascribed to the established and the rules of rational construction; Three refers to the natural sciences and the humanities are not limited to state the fact and necessity, but also to the objective necessity, the causal explanation of the theory of, in addition to reflect the real situation and relationship, in addition to reveal the law, law, and analysis the reason, construction theory, such as labor value theory, surplus value theory, knowledge value theory, the theory of goodness and evil theory, demand hierarchy theory.

The division of the humanities and natural science is relative, their knowledge is contact and interlinked, the same is a performance in these two subjects are human knowledge chain link, just as the Planck said, "actually exists from physics to chemistry, biology and anthropology to the continuous chain of the society, it is a chain of any one can't be interrupted."

The similarities between the knowledge of humanities and natural sciences are also reflected in the dual characteristics of natural sciences and human sciences in some disciplines. For example, psychology and geography may be both natural sciences and human sciences, while ergonomics and environmental economics may be both human sciences and natural sciences.

The intercommunication between the knowledge of humanities and natural sciences is also reflected in the intersection and integration of these two disciplines. Medical ethics, environmental sociology, science and technology aesthetics, science and technology law are such subjects.

The humanities have their own special research methods, but its focus on observation, characterization, experience and interpretation is not unlimited. To make the works of humanities more reliable and convincing, it is necessary to learn from the methods of natural sciences and try to increase their substantiality, quantification and logicality. At the same time, natural science into technology and practical function, and it is worth the humanities "learning", humanities and social science cannot be confined to the world, and to have the influence on the world, although not any humanities is productivity, or can be converted into technology and produce economic benefits, but the humanities research and results should try to influence social policy is needed, in a sense, the humanities and social science won't be able to industrialization, but the humanities and social science to strive for "policy" may be appropriate, only in this way, The humanities are likely to be more institutionalised than just "freelance".

The natural sciences' emphasis on experimentation, quantification and mathematical derivation has its limitations. In fact, major scientific discoveries and innovations are not all the products of rigorous mathematical derivation. In the research process of natural science, imagination, guess, inspiration, fantasy and intuition also play an important role. In the study of modern natural science, especially relativity, quantum mechanics and complexity, there needs to be subjectivity, explanation and visualization. It can be said that the key of engineering technology planning and proposal, especially the formation of innovative technological invention, lies in imagination.

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