Application of Contingency Theory in China and America

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- Application of Contingency Theory in China and America，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了权变理论在中美两国的应用。权变理论是管理理论的重要组成部分，根据这一理论，所有的事情都是在一个动态的过程中发生变化的，没有一种最佳的领导组织的方式。管理者必须根据特定的诱发因素和情境因素找到合适的管理方式。在权变理论的应用上，美国的情况与中国不同，这是由于两国经济发展水平和国情的不同造成的。权变理论在美国的话语权比较弱，而在中国则发挥着更为重要的作用。

Contingency theory is an important part of management theory, which began in the 1960s, formed and developed in the 1970s. With the help of contingency theory, managers expect to find a path out of the jungle. According to the theory, it is significant to note that everything changes in a dynamic process, and there is no one best way of leading an organization (Cameron et al., 2001; Cancel et al., 1999). Managers have to find an appropriate way of management based on specific predisposing and situational factors (Fiedler, 1964). When it comes to the application of contingency theory, the situation in America is different from China.

On one hand, the status of contingency theory has turned to be on the wane gradually in America since the late 1980s. Contingency theory can not solve many problems in management, especially in dealing with turbulent and complex environment and condition. It suggests people to comply with the environment, and it has limitation in guiding practice. For example, the leadership style in Field’s Theory lack of flexibility, since Field argued that leaders are naturally fixed in how they handle situations (Northouse, 2013). At the same time, contingency theory believes that other management theories are seeking a universally applicable and best way. In other words, it assumes that other theories pursue a best theory. However, there is no one best theory, and most schools of management do not pursue that. Harold Koontz criticized the opinion and he pointed out that, management theories and management science do not believe a best way of acting in various different situations exists (Koontz, O’Donnell & Weihrich, 2010).

On the other hand, contingency theory develops rapidly both in the theory and practice in China. In the first place, managers in China attach importance to contingency factors. Even though contingency theory comes from the western civilization, its core thought is in accordance with Chinese traditional culture. The Confucianism stresses that, people shall make changes as the circumstances may require. It suggests high flexibility. As an old Chinese saying goes, the man who can recognize the facts of a situation is a paragon of men. What is more, there is a large gap between American advanced theory and management practice in China. The management theory in America is far ahead of China. In the meantime, with the social progress and the development of reformation in China, Chinese management innovation relies largely on the introduce of advanced management method. In this way, Chinese managers begin to pay attention to the combination between western management method and the reality of Chinese companies. Specifically, many scholars in China explore how high schools, hospitals, corporations, and banks apply contingency theory.

In general, contingency theory is applied differently in America and China, which results from different levels of economic development and national situations. The voice of contingency theory tends to be weak in America, while it plays a more important role in China.

References:

Cameron, G. T., Cropp, F., & Reber, B. H. (2001). Getting past platitudes: Factors limiting accommodation in public relations. Journal of Communication Management, 5(3), 242–261. doi:10.1108/13632540110806802

Cancel, A. E., Mitrook, M. A., & Cameron, G. T. (1999). Testing the contingency theory of accommodation in public relations. Public Relations Review, 25(2), 171–197. doi:10.1016/S0363-8111(99)801611

Fiedler, F. E. (1964). A theory of leadership effectiveness. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology. New York: Academic Press.

Horold, K., O’Donnel, C., & Weihrich, H. (2010). Essentials of management. Tata McGraw-Hill Education.

Northouse, P. G. (2013). Leadership: Theory and Practice (Sixth Edition). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

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