The Analysis of Shakespeare’s Hamlet

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- The Analysis of Shakespeare’s Hamlet，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了莎士比亚的小说《哈姆雷特》。《哈姆雷特》是莎士比亚的一部经典小说，讲述的是哈姆雷特为父报仇的故事。在德国留学期间，哈姆雷特的父王被其叔父克劳狄斯所杀，事后凶手掩盖真相，篡夺王位，并迎娶了哈姆雷特的母亲；后来哈姆雷特知道了真相。但他陷入了困境，放弃了报仇的机会，结果被克劳狄斯反扑。最终在比剑会上，哈姆雷特终于觉醒，勇敢刺死仇人；但同时，他也中毒殉难。

From the Perspective of Jungian Psychoanalytic Criticism

1. The introduction of the thesis statement

The Hamlet is a classic novel by Shakespeare. The paper introduces the protagonist, Hamlet from the perspective of Jungian psychoanalytic criticism and analyzes other roles with the way of prototype types. Finally, we can get some enlightenment from this novel.

2. The introduction of the theory of Jungian’s archetype

Carl Gustav Jungian, as a Swiss psychologist was born in 1875. He began to make a cooperation with Sigmund Freud in 1907. They made efforts to develop and promote psychoanalysis in spirit for six years. He finished their cooperation and created the theory of Jungian's personality analysis in psychology because he disagreed with Freud's ideas. As a result, he got the “complex” concept, dividing into the introversion and extroversion in the personality, and he also advocated that the personality included three layers of consciousness, individual unconsciousness and collective unconsciousness. He served as president of the international psychoanalytic society and the international psychotherapeutic association. After that, he founded Jungian’s college of psychology. He died in Switzerland on June 6, 1961. His theories and thoughts still have a profound impact on the study of psychology.

After Freud’s study, Carl Jungian established the school of analytic psychology. He extended the theory of Freud's subconsciousness from the individual to the common primitive experience of human beings and proposed the theory of “collective unconsciousness”. Jungian believed that collective unconsciousness was a kind of genetic tendency formed by the accumulation of experience of human ancestors over thousands of years. It was a non-abstract and non-conceptual sense to consider things in the world that has not been clearly sorted out, so it was more embodied as the unconscious state. And the survival of human ancestors took the collective consciousness as the main subject, and this kind of unconsciousness had stronger collective nature because of the limited productivity and individual ability. An important concept associated with collective unconsciousness is archetype.

Archetypes are essentially the genes of all cultures in the early human experience. A prototype can be a spirit, a symbol or a concept, or an external image, such as a person or an environment. There are many archetypes in each collective unconsciousness, and the core meaning of the same archetype is basically the same, which meets some common psychological requirements of human being. For example, a bird can be any sparrow but not a penguin, since it doesn't have some typical characteristics. The characteristics themselves may be more or less typical. Archetypal consciousness can be externalized into a form through literary and artistic works. For example, archetypes such as prince of the fallen, hero, mother earth, sage, devil and so on are often presented in the works, and their internal meanings are still relatively unified.

3. The presence of main prototype types in Hamlet

Hamlet has been praised as the most brilliant gem in the splendid crown of Shakespeare, "the most brilliant jewel in the splendid crown of the king of dramatic poets, who has never been crowned before or since”. The comments on the image of Hamlet have gone far beyond the field of literary criticism and extended to sociology, psychology, personality and other aspects

Archetypal criticism is a very important model in the history of western literary criticism. Jungian's theory of archetypal criticism focuses on the study of the relationship between art and collective unconsciousness and between art and archetypes, and includes literature into a broad and complete structure to search for the universal laws contained therein.

3.1 The archetype of the fallen prince

A prince in distress usually comes from a noble family, but he has to leave his hometown and suffer all kinds of tribulations because of his life. The old evil tried to kill him, but he grew up with a strong fortitude and gradually recognized his responsibility should be shouldered. Hamlet was far away from the hardships and toughness of life once and lived a peaceful and happy life. However, with the sudden death of his father and the incongruous combination of his mother and uncle, Hamlet was hit hard, which made him fall into the deep nostalgia for his father and the heartache and disappointment for his mother’s behavior. Meanwhile, now the kingdom of Denmark has lost its prosperity and peace of the past, and the crimes of Claudius have brought about many disasters to the country. “ Is he nobly patient with poison arrows? Or the nobility of fighting injustice?” The inner struggle is palpable, and the inner conflict of life and death is always haunting him, even to the point where his melancholy is so extreme that it hurts those around him who love him.

His father's death brought Hamlet into endless sorrows and pains. While Hamlet is happy and simple in his childhood, as he’s growing up, he had to face the cruelty and coldness of life. The death of his father took him away from the comfort of life.

3.2 The archetype of the devil prototype

Claudius in the novel named Hamlet is the embodiment of the "prototype of the devil". He poured poisonous grass juice into the king's ear in a secretive way while the old king was sleeping in the garden in order to usurp the throne and get superior power. As a result, it was unfortunate that the king was killed by the poisonous grass juice. Less than two months after the king's death, Hamlet's mother get married Claudius, after all. The series of terrible and sorrowful affairs happened in the few months caused Hamlet to become dull and stiff as like a homeless dog without any care and love. Also, his uncle, Claudius tried to kill Hamlet with the sword of the king of England for the sake of avoid threatening his power and the throne. Therefore, he arranged Laertes to compete with Hamlet in sword competition and then he killed Hamlet with poisonous wine. But "good comes to good, evil comes to evil," and "the devil" usually ends up with no good endings, as Claudius proved.

3.3 The archetype of the old sage

The sage is the spiritual guide of the hero. When the Hamlet family was mutated and suspicious, his father's ghost told him that the fact that Claudius was murder to kill him and his father ordered him to take revenge for him and the country. In this way, the ghost of Hamlet's father provoked both the conflict between Hamlet and Claudius. Plus, it stimulated Hamlet’s inner conflicts and contradictions. The ghost appeared with injustice, sadness, anger, and his father was filled with hatred and resentful feelings. At the same time, his fahter asked Hamlet to make a choose if you have ever loved you dear father -- you must avenged him on the wicked avenging of death. If you have a nature in your heart, you should not allow the royal and dignified bed of Denmark to become a bed of corruption and betray. From then on, he began to take actions which were guided by his father's suggestions and encouragements. What’s more, he turned out to be the final determination from the initial melancholy and pain after he has experienced various tragedies and adversities, and eventually he also learned to sublimate personal resentment into national safety, and assume the sacred mission of avenging his father and saving Denmark.

3.4 The archetype of the hero

Regardless of difficulties and dangers, Hero was growing up in the suffering. After learning about his uncle Claudius's crime, Hamlet went through the hesitancy of "to be or not to be, this is the question", and finally he decided to sublimate the simple revenge of killing people and paying for their lives to the task given by the history of the times. Instead of some covert deals and making sabotage behind places no body knows, he wanted to wait for a more legitimated and aboveboard opportunity to "remake the game." He adopted a series of revenge measures, from acting to prove his uncle's crimes to rewriting the secret letter, which crushed the plot to banish him to England and put him to death. Finally, he killed the traitor and told his successor the state affairs. Though he lost his life in the end, he realized his dream of a bright future. In order to fulfill his father's mission, he worked hard to clean up his uncle and the bad guys who made a large number of things offensive to God and the reason, and tried his best to recover his dignity from the adversity and to rush to the light. Eventually, Hamlet officially recapture his throne and realize his father’s last wish in a reasonable and justifiable way.

4. Closure

Hamlet was pessimistic and hesitant at first, unwilling to face the cruel reality. But in the end, after being lost in the spiritual home, he finally found back the true himself. After the death of old Hamlet, the young prince was very depressed, but after seeing his ghost, hamlets said, “oh, pooh! Endure, endure, my heart.” Apparently , Hamlet knew he should control his emotions and not let the cat out of the bag. Moreover, Hamlet was good at reflecting, he never lost his way in the negative imagination of the past. Although he was sad, he realized, "what dreams we shall have in the sleep of death, when we are free from the decay of our skins, cannot but give us pause." He was still able to summon himself from his gloom to the realities of contrivance. Bah! Move it, my brain! And came up with the idea of using the palace theatre to stage a "death of gonzaga", which was actually an allusion to claudius (uncle hamret) who killed his brother and married his wife, usurped the power and incest, so as to verify the ghost's words and determine whether claudius was really guilty. Moreover, even in the wildest utterances there is a clear consciousness, and a great deal of meaning. On a scene, the minister polonius asked him "do you know me, your highness?" "Yes," answered hamret. "you were a fishmonger... "Asked by polonius what he had read, he gave an answer of" words, words, "and later fooled polonius by saying" all empty words, empty words, empty words ", apparently avoiding questions to avoid being probed into the truth of the matter. All these reflect that Hamlet was not mad, but also very clear. Ever since he was told by the ghost of old Hamlet that Claudius had usurped the throne and committed adultery, Hamlet was calm and cautious. After meeting the ghost of his father, he decided to avenge himself and asked Horatio and marcellus (who met the ghost of the old king with Hamlet) to keep it a secret. Hamlet said, "you must take another oath. I may sometimes pretend to be crazy in the future, and if you saw my strange behavior at that time, you must not cross your arms like this, or shake your head, or say some kind of vomit.. You must promise me to refrain from such words, that the grace and mercy of god bless you, and swear it. Plus, finding that his crime had been exposed, Claudius assigned two former students of Hamlet to escort him to England and ordered the king to put him to death. On the way, finding the secret order, he forged the secret letter with calm, witty, and decisive to send the two men to the guillotine. Hamlet finally got revenge on the world to see Claudius's true face of hypocrisy and deceit. It was nothing for him not to become a king. He has shouldered his own responsibility, eradicated the evils, and accomplished the mission entrusted to him by his father and his country.

In a sense, life is a journey of heroism for us. Sometimes we are playing the game of good and evil and lose ourselves in pursuit and busyness. Sometimes we need to calm down and think about who we really are. We need to redetermine our life goals, constantly find the way back, and restore our spiritual world to peace and firmness. From this perspective, each of us is a "archetype" image in our lives, and we can find ourselves among jungian's many "archetypes". By studying the loss and return of Hamlet 's spiritual home, we may find our own path of meaning in life.

Reference

[1] Shakespeare, W. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. London：The England library, 1604.

[2] Ping. G."Prototype" analysis in the work of Hamlet and the lion king .Day 8 November 2013. 8 May 2014.

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