The assistant programs and policies in New Zealand

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- The assistant programs and policies in New Zealand，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了新西兰贫困和不平等问题。新西兰多年来一直遭受贫困问题，特别是儿童贫困和全国各地的不平等，但它现在已采取行动，例如提供资金改善贫困家庭的生活和鼓励就业，以减轻这两个问题。虽然这些政策需要一段时间才能生效，但相信在不久的将来贫穷和不平等的问题将得到进一步改善。

1. Introduction

The International Labor Organization (ILO) released “World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2016”, pointing out that although nearly 1/3 of the extreme poverty and middle poverty population have been working now and the extreme poverty rate has been reduced by more than half since 1990, the global poverty situation is still not improving. It is estimated that nearly 2 billion people live with the expenses of are less than $3.10 a day, while the proportion in some emerging and developing countries is more than 36%. Although the overall global poverty rate has declined, especially in Latin America and most areas in China, the poverty rate in Africa and parts of Asia is still high.

This report elaborates on the poverty and inequality in New Zealand. First, the poverty and inequality situation in New Zealand is exhibited. In the second place, the reasons breeding the poverty and inequality will be revealed and discussed. Last, the paper will expatiate the assistant programs and policies in New Zealand to relieve the poverty and inequality.

2. The poverty and inequality in New Zealand

New Zealand has been a country with a large gap between the rich and the poor and has serious poverty problem since 1990. According to a new report released by New Zealand Institute of Economic Research in 2017, the main problem facing by New Zealand is not income inequality, but poverty. The data shows that New Zealand's current income inequality is equivalent to the country in 1930s and 1940s.Also, New Zealand Institute of Economic Research reported that the income inequality in New Zealand has not changed in the past 20 years. The report shows that the poverty of families with children in New Zealand is more serious than that in other economic cooperation and Development Organization (OECD) countries. In addition, New Zealand has a low level of income mobility, which means the rich are richer and the poor are poorer, which will be the most serious social problem in the country in the near future.

On the other hand, poverty problem has always been very urgent in New Zealand for many years. The family income report released by the Ministry of Social Development in 2011 showed that the poverty rate of children was stable from 2009 to 2011. In 2011, a total of 230 thousand children lived in public housing. More than half of poor children were born in Maori family or Polynesian families, and the other half were born in single parent families. Also, according to the poverty standard, which is that the income is less than half of that in the middle class, a total of 15% of New Zealand struggled on poverty line. In 2016, the report, “Ending extreme poverty: a focus on children”, released by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) said that 300 thousand children in New Zealand (1/3 of the total children in the country) lived below the poverty line, most of which are Maori and Pasifika ethnic children. This number has jumped 45 thousand over the past year.

3. The comparisons of poverty and inequality between America and New Zealand

In summary, the poverty and inequality in both countries share more similarities other than differences. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the number of poor people in the United States is about 46 million 700 thousand, accounting for 15% of the total population. Poverty is still a big problem in the United States. Since 1964, the United States has begun to solve the problem of poverty, but over the past 50 years, the results have not been satisfactory. In 1964, the poverty rate in the United States was 19%, and the poverty rate in 2015 was 15% (Kellygagnon, 2017). The government invested a lot of manpower, material and financial resources, and the poverty rate decreased by only 4 percentage points. According to the analysis, the problem of poverty exists among American ethnic groups, but the poverty rates of different ethnic groups are diverse (Holmes, 2018). In 2014, the African American poverty rate reached the highest level, reaching 26.2%, followed by Hispanic descent with a figure of 23.6%, and the poverty of whites and Asians was relatively low, 10.1% and 12% respectively (Cruces, et al, 2017). More startling is that although society is developing, the gap between the rich and the poor in the United States is expanding. According to Merrill Lynch estimates, in the past 30 years, the average American family has the overall wealth accounting for 90% of the population in the country the proportion plummeted from 36% to 23%, while the richest 0.1% of household wealth accounted for since the last century has been increasing since 70s, has risen to 22% (Zmerli, 2018). The richest families, which account for 0.1% of the total population, and the average family of 90% of the population have the same wealth.

4. The reasons for inequality and poverty in New Zealand

Among other factors leading to the inequality and poverty in New Zealand, the tax system is a salient one and gains more attention. Oxfam, a non-governmental organization (NGO), released the annual World equality index report, ranking the unequal situation in 152 countries around the world. The results show that there is a shortage of New Zealand in tax revenue, which leads to the growing polarization between the rich and the poor. The New Zealand tax bureau's high wealth personal income data shows that during October 2015 to June 2016, the number of the richest new Zealanders was increasing. The number of New Zealand people who earn more than 50 million NZD has increased from 212 to 252, or nearly 20%. But of the 252, more than 1/3 people reported that their annual income in 2015 was less than 70 thousand NZD. In New Zealand, the income tax on personal income is calculated in a range according to the amount of pre-tax income. It is counted as a complete tax payment cycle every year from April 1st to March 31st of the second year. All the income in the tax cycle is called the "computable tax payment part" (Group, Tax Working & Victoria University, 2010). So, from the New Zealand tax system, 70 thousand NZD annual salary is a "rich man" threshold. But in fact, these 252 rich people are related to more than 7500 business entities. It also allows them to accumulate assets at a lower tax rate than the tax threshold for the rich. As to the poor, because they do not have a reasonable tax avoidance intermediary, must pay a part of their income to pay taxes, and become poorer.

5. The assistant programs and the future in New Zealand

The New Zealand government is aware of the seriousness of poverty and inequality in the country now and begins to face the problems. In order to alleviate poverty and inequality, 2 billion NZD dedicated funds were added to the government budget, aimed at improving the income of poor families and helping 50 thousand children get rid of poverty. In addition, the government has also invested 11 billion 600 million NZD to improve the services in the field of education.

In addition, the New Zealand government encourages overseas investments, such as attracting high-tech investments, and strengthens economic and trade dealings with other great countries, indirectly increasing the domestic employment rate and These measures have effectively improved the domestic high unemployment rate caused by the economic crisis in 2008 in New Zealand, and fundamentally solved the phenomenon of poor income or low income people, and improved the poverty phenomenon (Claus, 2011).

6. Conclusion

In spite that New Zealand has suffered many years the problem of poverty, especially children poverty, and inequality all over the country, it has now taken actions, such as the funds to improve the life of poor families and the encouragements to employment, to relieve these two problems. Although these policies will take some time to be effective, the problem of poverty and inequality is believed to be further improved in the near future.

Reference

Cruces, Guillermo, et al. "Growth, Employment, and Poverty in Latin America." Oup Catalogue (2017).

Claus, Edda. "Seven Leading Indexes of New Zealand Employment *."Economic Record 87.276(2011):76–89.

Gill, Derek. Peak inequality- New Zealand’s own false truth? .New Zealand Institute of Economic Research (2017).

Group, Tax Working, and Victoria University (January). "A Tax System for New Zealand's Future." Social Science Electronic Publishing17.1(2010).

Holmes, Jennifer. "Poverty, Participation, Inequality, and Democracy in Latin America: Regional and Sub-National Views." The FASEB Journal26(2018).

Oxfam. "Even it up: time to end extreme inequality." Oxfam (2014).

Kellygagnon, Michel. "Poverty and the welfare state in America." (2017).

Rústica, Libro En. "World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2016." Working Papers (2016).

The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the World Bank. Ending extreme poverty: a focus on children. UNICEF and the World Bank. (2016)

Zmerli, Sonja. "Income Inequality and Social Trust in Latin American Societies." (2018).

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