On the Dimensionality of the Universe

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- On the Dimensionality of the Universe，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了宇宙的维度。对宇宙的许多观测结果与三维宇宙理论并不一致。几十年来，暗物质一直困扰着物理学家，因为它们占据了宇宙质量的90%以上，但仍然对我们隐藏着。唯一的解释是，宇宙中也有隐藏的维度，没有这些维度，宇宙就无法得到全面的解释和理解。关于宇宙的维数出现了许多理论。从基本的3+1模型，到膜理论的11维。然而，维度的概念必须与多元宇宙模型一起考虑才能有意义。

There have been many observations of the universe that does not agree with a 3-D universe theory. For example, to balance the electric and gravitational forces between electrons, they need to be 1022 times larger they then are (Dvali, Dimopoulos, & Arkani-Hamed, 2000). The dark matter has also trouble physicists for decades since they account for over ninety percent of the mass of the universe, yet remain hidden from us. The only explanation is that there are hidden dimensions of the universe as well, without which the universe cannot be comprehensively explained and understood. Many theories have emerged on the dimensionality of the universe. From the basic 3+1 model, to the 11 dimensions of the membrane theory. However, the idea of dimensionality must be considered together with a multiverse model to make sense.

In the quantum world, things are represented by its probability instead of certainty. A multiverse should be viewed in a similar way as well. From an observer’s perspective, Schrödinger’s cat is not in a state of certainty. Instead, it is both dead and alive simultaneously, until the moment the box is opened and the cat is observed. However, the cat itself is also an observer. From the cat’s perspective, there thus is only one state, either dead or alive. The failure of us to witness the multiverse is largely due to the fact of us being observers (Tegmark, 1997). This significantly increases the likelihood of us residing in a 3+1 dimensional spacetime, since it provides the appropriate amount of complexity, stability and predictability. In the m+n model proposed by Tegmark (1997), m represents the number of dimensions of space, while n represents time. For an m larger than three, the stability of the model would be diminished, while any other n number than one would mean diminished predictability of the universe. Therefore, the 3+1 theory is still the best to explain the universe we live in.

However, this still doesn’t explain many observations of the universe, since the 3+1 timespace is a mere summary from the insider’s perspective. According to the superstring theory, there is a fixed number of dimensions in which all laws of our universe can be simplified and unified (Kaku, 1994). If one can create hypothesis about the multi-dimensionality of the universe, why shouldn’t the number go to infinity? From the calculations made by the string theory. It has been found that only when there is 10 dimensions would the meaningless terms in the calculation be eliminated. In an illustration provided by Dvali, Dimopoulos, and Arkani-Hamed (2000), our universe exists on a wall mostly, with electronic and magnetic fields completely contained in it, while all the unexplained observations, such as gravity, extends beyond this wall, into other dimensions. According to the membrane theory (based on the superstring theory), the observable universe is only a four-dimension hypersurface in the eleven-dimensional timespace. This theory explains why gravity never spread too far from the object, and is confined around it instead. There also exist shadow-membranes, which are four-dimensional hypersurfaces like our universe. The gravity observed from the dark matter is likely to be the gravity from membranes adjacent to ours.

It is thus likely that the membranes theory aligns with the idea of a multiverse. The infinity of membranes corresponds to the infinity of universes, but we are only able to sense the influence of adjacent ones through gravity. While a four-dimensional timespace provides the highest level of stability and predictability, it only describes on membrane of the potentially infinity number of them. Both theories make sense, depending on the different definitions of the scale of a universe.

Works Cited

Dvali, G., Dimopoulos, S., & Arkani-Hamed, N. (2000). The universe's unseen dimensions. New York: Scientific American, Inc. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0800-62

Tegmark, M. (1997). On the dimensionality of spacetime. Classical and Quantum Gravity, 14, L69. doi:10.1088/0264-9381/14/4/002

Kaku, M. (1994). Hyperspace: A scientific odyssey through parallel universes, time warps, and the tenth dimension. New York: Oxford University Press.

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