American party politics and social security

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- American party politics and social security，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国的政党政治与社会保障。如今，社会保障在美国的政治与民主生活中占据了越来越重要的地位，美国的政党政治对社会保障的影响主要通过党派倾向、政局时境和个人的政治优势表现出来。社会保障不仅已成为各党派表达政治思想的窗口，更是各党派赢得人民信任、巩固政权的工具。

The United States is the first country in the modern history of mankind to realize the transfer of political power between political parties. Although architects in the United States at the beginning of the founding didn't want to build system of political parties, but the end of the 18th century, in the pursuit of the goal of different interest groups for each, in the clamor for the equal rights in different classes, and developed the modern political party system in the United States, then occupies more and more important position in the national management. Under the political concept of equality and democracy, the establishment and development of social security system are also closely related to party politics.

The United States government has always declared itself as a democratic and free society, and "social security is one of the biggest investments in American democracy". All previous American presidents attached great importance to social security both on the eve of the election and when they were in office. Before the election, in order to hold the power of the country, they made this or that commitment to the people's social security. Although the parties sometimes use social security as a weapon of contention for power, the "empty promise" they have made for the people will bring many negative effects on the development of social security. But more often, relying on the political views of the parties and their leaders, the social security system of the United States has been established, reformed and developed. At the same time, it has brought better and more comprehensive social security to the American people and greatly promoted the civilization and progress of the society.

The quadrennial presidential election is an important part of American party politics. Voters express their opinions about the government through elections; Political parties hold national power through elections. The parties' platforms are also deeply reflected in the social security system they advocate. For years, the fight between Democrats and republicans was essentially a fight between liberal and conservative political ideas.

If you start with the social security act signed by President Roosevelt, Democrats are mainly influenced by keynesianism. They agree with the theory of "insufficient effective demand" and believe that the government should make efforts to reduce inequality, solve the problem of employment, eliminate poverty and enhance social welfare. In the 1930s and 1940s, after the "New Deal" of Roosevelt, the majority of black people who had been supporting the republican party after the civil war turned to the Democratic Party and established the "New Deal alliance" of the Democratic Party. From then on, the Democratic Party became a veritable "poor party". The "politically reconstituted" Democrats are more focused on protecting the interests of the lower and middle classes, emphasizing the state's responsibility to every citizen, and favoring the provision of a high level of comprehensive social welfare coverage. For example, under John f. Kennedy, a democrat, the fight against poverty was fought under the banner of the new frontier project. He further expanded the scale of social security and opened up many new social welfare programs. In 1961, Kennedy sent many social security reform bills to congress, most of which focused on providing social security to farmers, the unemployed and people in poor areas. On March 15, 1962, President Kennedy signed the human development and training act to address structural unemployment. President Johnson, his successor, further improved social welfare and pushed the construction of social security to a new peak. Their reform brought new vitality to the American economy.

By contrast, influenced by neo-liberalism, the republican party more often represents the interests of the big bourgeoisie and big businessmen. In order to protect and develop capitalism, they pay more attention to efficiency, advocate the establishment of a big government internally and pursue trade protectionism externally. In terms of social security, more emphasis should be placed on the protection of the national economy, the protection of corporate interests, and individual responsibility. Of course, consistent with the American culture's emphasis on efficiency, individual striving and the aversion to getting something for nothing, the republican party's social security ideology has its supporters. For example, the "ownership society" promoted by President bush fully emphasizes the role of individual accumulation. To deal with the looming retirement age of nearly 80 million baby boomers in the 1960s and the crisis in the social security payments system, President George w. bush proposed "privatizing social security." In his state of the union address on February 2, 2005, he mentioned that existing employees should set up "individual investment fund accounts", that is, part of social insurance paid from employees' salary income should be transferred to individual accounts, and the shortage of social security funds should be supplemented by privatized fund operation. Bush believed that the establishment of personal investment accounts can bring higher returns to individuals; To realize fund accumulation; It can also provide more protection for social vulnerable groups. On the one hand, his idea of "partial privatization" of the social security system has been understood and recognized by many people. The Democrats argue that "privatisation" is tantamount to placing the social security retirement system in a risky "stock market". "It's good for the stock market to be risky, but it's not good for social security to be risky." "This plan will increase the cost of transition for the country; would cut benefits for retirees by 40%; There will be no extension of solvency."

More often than not, the two parties are not entirely distinct. The President's proposed social security policy will also be somewhat affected by political circumstances. This is mainly because of the particularity of American party politics. Despite the fact that each year's general election sees a split between the presidential candidates, there are always checks and balances between the powers of the President, congress, and the house and senate. One party may win the election, but it cannot control enough seats in both houses of congress. Usually, one party controls the presidency and one party controls congress; or one party controls the presidency, and the house and senate are controlled by both parties. As a result, the President's intentions are often under pressure from many quarters. For example, in the early years of President Clinton's administration, the Democratic Party had always held a majority in congress, but after the new congress election in 1994, the republican party's small-government oriented "contract with America" won more votes. Republicans gained control of congress by increasing the number of seats in the house and senate. After the midterm elections, republicans were even more aggressive. In order to avoid this passive situation, Clinton began to adjust the policy and seek cooperation with the republican party. The Clinton administration began reforms to make social security more efficient. For example, transferring federal responsibility to local governments; Cuts to social welfare, especially health care, etc. Mr Bush, a republican hardliner, followed Reagan's example of shrinking government and cutting corporate spending. However, when he was in power, he signed the law on disabled persons and the law on elderly Indians in the face of the situation that the rights and interests of disabled persons and ethnic minorities could not be guaranteed for a long time. President bush called the Ada legislation "a significant regeneration not only for people with disabilities, but for all of us, because with the privilege of being an American comes the sacred responsibility of protecting the rights of every American." The media also commented that "this reform greatly improves the quality of life for millions of Americans who need to overcome huge obstacles every day to participate fully in life." The enactment of the people with disabilities act and the elderly native Americans act showed the concern of the bush administration to the vulnerable people in the United States, leaving a wonderful legacy for his administration.

In addition, the problems to be solved in American society at that time would also affect the policy making of the ruling party. The early 1980s were a period of stagflation. When Reagan, a republican, took office, he set up a federal commission on social security reform and began a "reactionary" approach to social security reform. In order to solve the problem of insufficient funds for social security fund, he tried to maintain the status quo of social insurance programs, cut the expenditure of welfare programs, reduced the financial burden of the federal government, and actively encouraged private social welfare undertakings. President Reagan also enacted social policies that focused more on the poor and low-income. His social security thought not only reflected the political platform of the republican party, but also reflected the requirements of the social contradictions in the United States at that time. Through reform, President Reagan basically achieved his "economic recovery plan", and the United States had the longest peacetime without recession and depression in its history.

The social security concept of different political parties can also be expressed through the personal experience and personal characteristics of the ruling leaders. Nowhere is this more evident than in the current American election season. After the horrors of September 11th, America's economy tanked. Unemployment and poverty sent the number of jobless claims soaring. America's ageing society is even more worrying; that, coupled with the bush administration's enthusiasm for the war in Iraq, has stoked resentment in the us. The American people began to pay more attention to the national economy and their own interests, and called for the improvement of social welfare and security system.

Barack Obama was born in Hawaii in 1961 to a Kenyan African father and a middle-class Kansas mother. Obama also wasted a lot of time as a teenager, but his tenacity finally enabled him to "prodigal son" won the degree of doctor of law of Harvard University. He was elected to the senate of Illinois in 1996, and then gradually grew from an ordinary and even once discriminated against black child to the United States "democratic political star". "It is critical now to recognize that there is a potential problem - that young people don't think they will have social security in the future," he said. We need to do something to strengthen the system and convince people that social security is real for those who have retired, and it is real for the future of young people. In addition, his image as a "civilian hero" and the issue of color also make his proposed social security plan more inclined to the middle and lower class people. He proposed that "the 6% of the wealthy should pay a little more tax to support the construction of national social security". Making health insurance available to all Americans; Raise the minimum wage every year and so on. All this will surely help him win over his target voters.

In contrast, the political veteran Hillary Clinton's idea of social security radiates to a broader range, which is consistent with her eight years in the White House, where she is close to different parties and groups, and thus eager to get support from different levels of people. She has repeatedly mentioned that to complete the construction of a sound social security system, it is necessary to emphasize the responsibility of public finance and the joint efforts of both parties.

After the above analysis, it is not difficult to see that social security plays an increasingly important role in the political and democratic life of the United States. The influence of party politics on social security in the United States is mainly manifested through party orientation, political situation and personal political advantages. Social security has not only become a window for all parties to express their political thoughts, but also a tool for all parties to win people's trust and consolidate political power.

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