Government Also Play An Important Role In Russia(Part 2)

英国Dissertation代写论文精选范文：“政府在俄罗斯发挥着重要的作用(2)”，这篇论文通过介绍俄罗斯政府对俄罗斯做出的贡献，让大众知道了政府对于俄罗斯的重要性。俄罗斯在历经多种多样的变化后，逐渐从最初的亲西方政策转变，在追求政治制度、经济制度、法律制度和文化等国际商业利益的同时，采取了相应的措施。

The general Contract Law in Russia contained in Civil law. Its structure follows the pattern common in European like Netherlands and Germany codified legal systems. Russian contract law is based on the freedom. Independent parties are free to contract on their own risk and agreement with the aim of deriving profit from the use of property and performance of works. Contract can be in forms of bilateral or multi-lateral, conditional or unconditional, and written or oral. An offer is a proposal which addressed to a specific person and it is used for expressing the intention of the acquirer to entry into the contract. The contract terms can be classified into imperative norms and dispositive norms. The rules of imperative norms cannot be changed by the agreement of citizens and organizations. It apply to a contract regardless its terms and conditions. The terms or conditions that conflict with imperative norms will be deemed invalid. According Russian law, the invalid terms in a contract does not lead to the invalidity of the whole contract. However, dispositive norms allow changes in the norms by agreement of the parties.

Moreover, both of the Constitution and Civil Code in Russian Federation defend the right to own private property. Property rights are the legal rights over the use to the resource that put and the income that may derived from that resource (Hill, Udayasankar, & Wee, 2012). In Russia, the Land Code is formed on October 2001 and other legislation is adopted further to the Land Code's clauses implement the principle further. The different types of rights are applied to different land plots and buildings (Baker & McKenzie, 2010). Besides that, Property rights can be divided into private action and public action. Private action refers to theft, piracy, blackmail and threats by private individuals or group. A weak legal system may unable to protect business from crime. For example, in Russia in the chaotic period following by the collapsing of communism, an outdated legal system, coupled with a weak police force and judicial system, offered both domestic and foreign business scrimp protection from blackmail by the Russian Mafia.

Besides that, Russia also developed various types of taxation in business transaction. The Tax Code of the Russian Federation consists of three levels. There are federal, regional and local. Federal taxes included Value Added Tax (VAT), personal income tax (PIT), corporate income tax (CIT) and so on. Regional taxes involved corporate property tax, transportation tax and gambling tax whereas local taxes contain land tax and individual property tax (Baker & McKenzie, 2010).The main taxes that use in business transaction are VAT, PIT and CIT. AVT is imposed on the supply of goods and services. The standard rate of VAT is 18% but 0% on export goods. However, the VAT rate that levied on some goods such as basic foodstuff, footwear and medical equipment is reduced to 10% (PKF, 2011). PIT is the tax that imposed on resident and non-resident individuals regardless they are or are not citizen of Russia. PIT rate is 13% for residents but 35% for non-residents.CIT is imposed to companies include partnerships. Foreign legal entities are subject to CIT with 20% and 15% on profits derived from business activities carried on through a permanent establishment in Russia (Russia Personal Income Tax, 2010).

Corruption is an action that detriment to the lawful interest of the state and society. Russia formed the Anticorruption Law to set up the legal and organizational framework for preventing corruption and reducing the consequences of corruption. The newly adopted Russian Anti-corruption Legislation was officially published on December 2008. It has introduced a new administrative offense into the Administrative Code which is also known as Article 19.28 "Unlawful Compensation on Behalf of a Legal Entity". This article forbid the illegal transfer on behalf of a legal entity to a public official or individual performing the management functions in a commercial of money, securities or other property (Kurochkin, 2010). The penalty amount that set up for this legal entity is triple based on the sum of the money, securities or other property transferred (Baker & McKenzie, 2010). The Anti-corruption Law is also applied to foreign companies or individual if the corruption is occurred in Russia and involved Russian officials. The companies or individual that involved is responsible in accordance with the laws of the jurisdiction (Kurochkin, 2010).

Cultures

Culture defined as a system of shared value, and norm together within a group of people. Culture is associated with knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, and customs that member of society used to interact with each other. According to Hill, Udayasankar, & Wee (2012), cultural differences are plays an important role when running an international business. For instance, different culture may influence the costs of doing business. Since each country have their different belief and value, it is very important to raise the awareness of cultural issue when doing international business. The determinants of culture are includes religion, social structure, language, education, cuisine, and healthcare.

Religion is a cultural institution that directly guides human behavior. Higher religious beliefs stimulate economic growth because it may help to sustain aspects of individual behavior that lead to higher productivity (Hill, Udayasankar, & Wee, 2012). The religion in Russia includes Christian, Islam, Buddhism, Judaism and Protestantism. Filatov and Lunkin (2006) stated that more than 55% Russian citizen or 82% of ethnic Russia identify themselves as Orthodox Christianity. For Orthodox Christians, Holy Tradition is an important source of faith. They believe that saints can intercede with God on behalf people who are alive and petition for their memory. Furthermore, one of the major principles of Islam is dealing justly and equitably with others. Muslim women should dress in a certain manner. All Muslim must forbid the consumption of pork and alcohol. Buddhism bases its practices and principles on the virtues of peace, loving kindness and wisdom. Buddhism obeys Noble Eightfold Path which emphasizes right seeing, thinking, speech, action, living, mindfulness and meditation.

The ethnic groups in Russia involve Russian, Tatar, Ukrainian, Bashkir, Chuvash and others (Pausch, 2006). The table 1 show the percentages of ethnic group in Russia. The Russian family is dependent upon all its members. Most of them live in small apartments with 2 or 3 generations. Russians often married at young age, around 18-22 years. Most family have only one child due to women focus on their career. In Russian, women's values differs less among societies than man's values because male is the head of the family. Single women have a low status although they have a good occupation or high income. Both of male and female have purchasing power on goods and service. The belief of Tatar is Hanafite Muslim. There are various group of Tatar, which include Crimean Tatar, Volga Tatar and Siberian Tatar.Tatar peoples that living in rural areas are still hold their pre-Revolutionary traditions. The important component of Ukrainian identity is Ukrainian epics and Ukrainian artistic such as pottery and wood carving. Music and art play an important life in Ukrainians culture life. Most of the Bashkir people are Muslims and usually live at peasant communities.

In addition, values from the bedrock of a culture. The basic values included emotionality not-having-control, irrationality, and judgemental attitudes towards world, effectiveness of management style, and the outcome of business negotiations (Bergelson, 2003). The most important values among Russians people are relationships, spirituality and patriotism. For example, parents provide their children with emotional and financial support until children were able to stand on their feet. In return, children provide full care to parents when their parents were getting old. This means that for Russians relationships are more important than the reality. Therefore, Russian people are characterized by strong spirituality which combines religious values and superstitious. Russians people are believed in signs. For instance, they will stop if a black cat runs over their way. This strong inner spirit help Russian to survive against risk and other nations try to invade Russia. Patriotism helps to keep relationships and spirituality. Russian patriotism means love and devotion to Motherland.

The five main component of Russian cuisine were bread, potatoes, meat, egg and butter. These foods were high in carbohydrates and fat rather than protein. Other popular foods were included cabbage, milk, sour cream, curds, mushrooms, lard, cucumbers, and so on. Fresh fruit and vegetable are used in soups, but uncommon as dishes. The traditional Russian meal typically begins with appetizers which called zakuski.Zakuski may contain of fish, pickled, boiled egg, pea, onion and stuffed vegetables. Russian will have soup after the zakuski. The basic soups in Russia include shchi, borshch, rassolnik, ukha and solyanka. Pelmeni is a meat-filled dumpling which filled with beef and served with butter. For desert, Russian more prefer to have ice cream, cakes and cookies.

The core of Russia's health care system is a large outpatient facility which knows as polyclinic. General physicians and various specialists were employs by polyclinic. Healthcare in Russia is free of charge and available to all citizens. However, the burden of payment for obtaining medical treatment from a doctor was increase (Manning & Tikhonova, 2009). In addition, Russia has a low standard of healthcare due to lack of funds, medical equipment available and trained medical staff. Thus, the government reform the healthcare system by set a high priority and encourages company to provide healthcare. Government improve the healthcare system by increasing the number of doctor trained, medical equipment and immunization programme. Government provide the basic package of free health care under the Government Guarantee Programme.The free service that covered in the package includes primary care, pharmaceutical drugs used for impatient care.

Education systems play a key role in society Russia. It was divided into three stages which are primary, basic, and secondary general education (Nikolaev & Chugunov, 2012). The general education is developing the intellectual, emotional, moral and physical of the individual in Russia. The period of study was around 11 years. The primary education take 4 years to complete whereas basic education take 5 year to complete and secondary education take 2 years to complete.Student was compulsory to participate in final examination every stage of education. They will be awarded a certificate which allows them to continue their higher education after they pass the final examination. Nowadays, new types of secondary schools have emerged called gymnasium and lyceum. This type of secondary schools can be both owned and private. The education systems in this school can be more advanced, but the period for study longer than secondary general education. The number of skill labor can increase through a good education system, then productivity increase.

Language is very important aspect of culture in order to achieve the successful in international business. The official language is Russian but 100 other languages also spoken in Russia.Language is vital in communications, included mass communications such as advertisements and sales promotions. The terms and words in Russian language are different than other countries. In other words, different language is one of the barriers that companies face on the path of internationalisation. The number of living languages listed for Russian Federation is about 135 (Lewis, 2009). Lewis (2009) stated that there are 100 indigenous languages and 35 immigrant language. The main official language that used in Russia is Russian. Other minority languages in Russia include Ukrainians, Chuvash, Bashir, Mordvin, Circassian and Chechen and others.

Conclusion

Russia has involved 4 main aspects such as political systems, economic systems, legal systems and culture. In Russia, these 4 main aspects play an important role to achieve the successful in future. In the political systems, Russian was embrace to democracy. Citizens may elect individuals to represent them. The elected representative will form a government and make decisions on behalf of the electorate. In economic systems, an abundance of natural resources in Russia contribute in GDP growth. The nature resources enable Russia do the international trade with other countries. Russia practices 3 types of legal systems such as common law, civil law, and theocratic law. In addition, Russia also applies a few of trade policy in their international business transaction to protect their domestic enterprises. Lastly, Russia has an unique culture which included religion, education, language, health and cuisine.

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