Opposing Sharks Fin Soup In Hong Kong--论文代写范文

51Due论文代写平台assignment代写范文:“Opposing Sharks Fin Soup In Hong Kong”，这篇论文主要描述的是中国人对于海鲜产品的饮食文化或许已经很难确切的追溯起源于什么时期，但能够明确的一点人们从明朝起边喜欢吃鲨鱼鳍汤，这种饮食文化一直保持流传至今日的香港，鲨鱼鳍汤已经成为人们生活中重要的一道菜，市场的需要也加快了鲨鱼的消耗速度，近日媒体和环保组织均提倡人们拒绝食用鱼翅来保证物种的平衡性。

Eating sharks fin soup is a part of Chinese culture from Ming Dynasty. It is necessary dish for most Hong Kong people to celebrate the traditional festival and important occasions like wedding and company banquet. Sharks fin soup was only available for the rich in the past, but the middle class become more affluent to afford it. Thus the demand of it is increasing among Chinese community. According to the research of Union Nation Food and Agricultural organization in 2006, 10,000 tones worth $276million of sharks fin were consumed in Hong Kong, Taiwan and China mainland. However, Hong Kong has the highest demand which holds 80% of global trade of sharks fin. [1] It reflects that Hong Kong people seriously threaten the existence of sharks.

Recently, the awareness of opposing sharks fin soup is rising. The grassroots and some environmental non-government organizations (ENGOs) become more concerned this issue. They held many campaigns to encourage Hong Kong people say no to sharks fin soup. In this essay, I am going to focus on the movements organized by some individual and the ENGOs such as the Green Sense and the World Wildlife Found (WWF). It also evaluates their value to the Hong Kong environmental movement.

基层的作用-The role of grassroots

The environment movement which is organized by the grassroots always involved their welfare and socio-economic issue. It implies that they concern about these issue may affect their standard of living normally. The community participate in environmental movement is a kind of "societal action" [2] . Citizens organize the action by themselves as they are willing to improve the society and environment. They may express their opinion through the lobbying or petition. Although groups organized by citizens themselves tend to be dispersed and uncoordinated initially. Also, they are at the extremely negative level in the beginning as they have insufficient education and awareness.

However, people understand more about different environmental problems and re-educated during this process. Later, citizens can held more rational and formal actions. People are the important power towards the environmental movement. NGOs have done a lot of works on conservation, but sometimes they may accept the apathy attitude of industries and government. "Community right-to-know laws, citizen-enforcement provisions in federal and state legislation" [3] They are giving the great pressure and influence on government policy-making.

The initial individual opposing sharks fin soup was happened in 2005 when the Hong Kong Disneyland was established. Marine conservationist Brian Darvell who lives in Hong Kong more than 20 years sent the letter to the Disney United State based chief executive that objecting the Hong Kong Disney offer sharks fin soup to wedding banquets. It is successful to get the public attention, and some of the green groups such as WWF and Greenpeace boycott the Hong Kong Disneyland if it is still apathetic. Finally, the official agrees to ban serving sharks fin soup on the banquet. It is a great victory for the individual opposing the sharks fin soup. The awareness of sharks' conservation is increasing in the society.

The advanced movement of protecting sharks fin is appeared in 2010. A video was uploaded to the Internet by the conservationist. It showed that a shark was hurt by fishermen and all its fins were cut down. This video drew the public attention. One of the nitizens called Clement Lee setting up a Facebook group which advocating people cut the gift money by 30 percent to couples if they serve sharks fin soup on the banquets. 4,000 people joined the Facebook groups within a week. [4] Later, he also required Citibank Hong Kong cancelled the discount of sharks fin soup to its credit card holder in the other Facebook group.

The activist fully utilized the power of Internet to spread the conservation message to the citizens. Many people support their action especially the youth. A newlywed, Steven Leung and Sylvia Cheung, they refused to offering sharks fin soup in their banquet. The video is successful to make the youth feeling upset and cruel to eat this traditional dish. The youth couples suggest that using the bird nest soup which is the substitute show their respected and gorgeous

People seldom care about the wildlife problem or other environmental issue in the past. The majority of Hong Kong people think that environmental problem is not such crucial compare with the social and economic problems. Yet, it seems like a great progress as the growing of grassroots movements to protecting sharks. This victory can be attributed by several reasons.

Firstly, environmental education is well-developed. It is the formal education system to primary and secondary level since 1973. It highlights the relationship of nature and mankind, also the importance of environment. For example, an Environment Resources Center is set up by Environmental Protection Department (EPD) which renders environmental information to public. Also, the 50 million Environment and Conservation Fund (ECF) is established to funding the related research and education. [5] The youth can know that the nutrient value is not too high which can be substituted by the other food. Also, they treat the environmental sustainable as the pressing need which they should regard. Thus, citizens are willing to use their rights and power to make a change.

Secondly, well information flow has developed under the globalization. Citizens can receive and transmit the message to different regions via the Internet. More online videos related hurting sharks were uploaded. It reveals the ruthless fact of eating sharks fin soup and stimulate consumers boycott this traditional dish. Moreover, people can easily organize and get involved the campaigns by utilizing the social media platform. A study indicated that the well-developed network can encourage people connect the activists and having chance to take part in [6] . A television program which introduces the high quality of sharks fin was criticized by netizens. They also organize the Facebook group and now get 15,430 people participate. [7] Taken together, there are great differences for Hong Kong people participating to environmental movement.

ENGOs的作用-Role of ENGOs

ENGOs are the important role in Hong Kong environmental movement. They educate the public on environmental issue and supervise the work of government. In fact, ENGOs act the liaison bodies between the government and the community. Since government tend to be a passive role who need to be pushed, whereas citizens do not have sufficient knowledge and awareness. Therefore, ENGOs need to assess the government policies and suggest adequate remedies under the surveys and scientific supports for official reconsider and reference. Sometimes, the government invites ENGOs taking part in decision-making. They also become the leader of the community who help the public know their environmental and welfare needs.

Each ENGO have its own principles, belief, interests, concerns and goals, these may affect their difference among them. Some of them are prefer to cooperate with the other groups and the government to achieve their goal easily. Conversely, some organizations insist their belief and refuse to work with the others. In the following, it will focus on the works of two ENGOs toward the sharks' conservation issue including the Green Sense and WWF.

绿色的感觉-Green Sense

In order to boost the awareness of the new generation, they firstly organize the "Sharks We Care" campaign which requested the kindergartens, primary schools and secondary schools promising not to eat sharks fin soup. It got the 182 schools taking part in this campaign until July 2010 and promise not to serve sharks fin soup in the banquets [8] . They are keeping contact with different schools and encourage them to sign up. Also, they hold the other action in November 2010. The action called "Happy Wedding, Saves Sharks", they gathered near the venue of Wedding Hong Kong Wedding Banquet and Accessories EXPO 2010 which organized at Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre. They encouraged the couples selecting the restaurants which offer sustainable wedding banquets.

世界野生动物基金会(WWF)-The World Wildlife Fund (WWF)

WWF advocate the similar ideology with the Green Sense, both of them would like to enhance the awareness of public through education. WWF launched the education program recently which is called "Marine Guardian - Save the Sharks through Arts Program ". It also aims at educate the next generation understand the importance of marine life through the art exhibition, talks and teacher training workshops.

However, its campaigns are more large-scaled than the previous one. WWF has organized the "Alternative Shark-free Menu" program in 2010. It cooperates with the restaurants and urged them ticking away the sharks fin soup from the menu or choosing the sustainable dish to replace it. Furthermore, as WWF is a transnational organization, it tried to work out the consensus fishery planning with the government, fishermen and other interest groups from the Africa, Asia, American and Europe. WWF has put a great effort on promoting certification system to well-manage the sharks' fishery like the Marine Stewardship Council eco-labeling.

协作-Collaboration

To reduce the import of sharks fin, the first cooperation among the ENGOs is organized in September 2010. Nine of the ENGOs (including the Hong Kong Sharks Foundation , WWF, Green Sense and Greenpeace) and the civil party Audrey Eu required the Chief Executive of Hong Kong, Donald Tsang represent all government departments to refuse serving sharks fin soup in all official banquets in his annual policy address. ENGOs forced the government should be the role for citizens to stop the consumption of sharks fin. They gave the pressure to the government by appealing citizens to send the postcards which are designed by them.

评价-Evaluation

The attitude towards eating sharks fin has changed. Sharks fin soup no longer as the "necessity" in the Chinese banquets. Some couples even advocate "Green Wedding" to promote the sustainability. Many restaurants have joined the "Alternative Shark-free Menu" program. There are 38 caterers render the shark free menu to consumers [9] . Also, according to a survey, only 3.3% of interviewers do not support the prohibition of importing sharks fin [10] .

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