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建立人际资源圈British hedge fund relative performance--论文代写范文
2016-04-22 来源: 51Due教员组 类别: 更多范文
51Due论文代写平台assignment代写范文:“ The thinking of air pollution in China”，这篇论文主要描述的是改革开放以来中国的经济得到了高速的发展，但也迎来了发展中不可避免的环境污染问题，大气的污染问题是目前中国面临最具危险的环境污染问题，大气的污染问题会导致人的死亡，在国际环境保护组织和其他国家的压力之下，中国政府迫切需要采取环境保护措施来减少环境污染提高空气质量。
China is developing very quickly, but it faces the challenge of balancing economic growth with social and environmental wellbeing. Compared with other environmental problems, air pollution is one of the most daunting environmental threats China faces at present. Air pollution is not only an environmental problem, but also results in millions of death every year. Consequently, under the enormous international and national stress, China has to take action to improve the air quality and seriously deal with this problem.
In spite of the urgency, Chinese government receives un-sustained short term benefits on handling air pollution. More and more automobiles burn fossil fuels to emit emissions. Power stations continuously pump smoke and chemicals from consumer goods. More and more people reflect air pollution and think about how human activities influence the earth. Air pollution is a complex issue with lots of reasons and effects. Consequently, all the humans should cooperate together to improve air quality.
The report mainly research air pollution in China. Based on analyzing the current situation of air pollution in China, it comprehensively reflects how human activities directly and indirectly aggravate air pollution and how Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) effectively mitigates air pollution. It evaluates the effects of air pollution in China and proposes some feasible recommendations.
This report supplies an overall overview of the current situations of air pollution in China by citing the relevant data and useful information in the environmental field. From this research, it can help more and more people realize the level of air pollution and take action to reduce emissions into the air. Besides, with regard to the effects of air pollution, it can give the Chinese government more hints to make measures to improve air quality in China. To some extent, EIA can provide more proposals to help Chinese government to effectively mitigate air pollution.
Introduction
Air pollution is now the fourth largest cause of death in China. Every year there are 1.2 million people who died from air pollution in China. Besides, thick smog frequently happens in many large cities in China. Many people wear masks to protect themselves from air pollution when they are outside. Consequently, air pollution has become an urgent issue. In order to balance economic development with environmental protection, the Chinese government has taken action a national air pollution monitoring programme and determines to decline the toxic emissions from automobiles and power plants. This report firstly describes the current situations of air pollution. This paper undertakes how human activities directly and indirectly result in aggravating air pollution. Then it will deeply analyze how EIA may be effectively used to mitigate the problem. Finally, it will make a conclusion and give some recommendations on air pollution.
Air Pollution in China
Current Situations of Air Pollution in China
In China, air pollution has been a major issue for some time. Air pollution, both outdoors and indoors, causes health threats to millions of Chinese every day. Vehicles, industries, and power stations contribute to air pollution. Besides, urbanization is also a cause of air pollution.Total Suspended Material (TSP) is the mass of all particles in air. Samplers measure particles less than 25-50 micrometers in size. From Figure 1, it shows that the densities of TSP in China is higher than the cities in America or Europe. Since 1985, with some available approaches TSP densities are declining quickly in China. However, due to the status as a developing country and sufficient coal sources, it is difficult to address air pollution between 1980 and 1990 in some cities of China (Chan, C.K., Yao, X, 2008). What’s more, because of so large quantity of population in China, it will produce respectively 4.5 or 3 times the emission from the US or Europe (Barbara Demick, 2011).
Figure 1. Total suspended particulate matter concentrations in 5 Chinese cities, 1980-1998.
At earlier phases of economic growth in China, the application of coal-fired and low-efficiency boilers, etc., resulted in high densities of particulate matter and sulfur dioxide in the air. It shows the development of GDP, energy use and the average sulfur dioxide concentrations over the past 20 years in Figure 2.Figure 2. China: GDP, energy use, and ambient SO2 levels in major cities, 1980-2005.
In Figure 3, in China, to a large extent, the application of coal causes the high emissions of CO2 . From 1994 to 2004, the quantity of automobiles were rising massively. Consequently, it resulted in the increased consumption of fossil fuels, especially in the developed cities of China, causing high emissions of nitrogen oxides. Nitrogen oxide reacts with organic compounds in ambient air to form ozone. Since 1990, ozone concentrations are increasing in Chinese cities (Sjaak, Slanina, 2013).
Figure 3. Emission of SO2 and COD in surface water (substances that take up oxygen in water), number of cars and GDP.
Compared with Western Europe, SO2 concentrations are low in the summer in China. Particular matter concentrations have been reduced, but it is still harmful to human beings. Generally, pollution in undeveloped countries complies with a kind of Kuznets curve (see Figure 4). In the early stage of economic development in China, it mainly focused on the economic growth with little concern on the environment protection. Later, China realized that pollution heavily affected economic development and began to implement some measures to handle the pollution. Compared with USA and EU, China is reaching this turning point faster (Lu, Z.; Streets, D. G.; Zhang, Q.; Wang, S.; Carmichael, G. R.; Cheng, Y. F.; Wei, C.; Chin, M.; Diehl, T.; Tan, Q, 2010). After 1955, economic development indeed accelerated in Europe. Since 1980, Europe undertook to take action to reduce pollution, so the turning point appeared after 25 years. Since 1992, China speeded up economic development. In 1995, many measures are taken action, so the turning point came with a half of period needed in Europe.
Figure 4. Kuznets curve: pollution versus economic development.
Conclusion
Air pollution has been terrible for some time in China. It not only shortens life expectancy, but also leads to higher rates of stroke, heart disease and cancer (Charles, Riley, 2013). Due to the rapid pace of industrialization and burn coal at a very large scale and quickly increase vehicle quantities, air quality has become worse. Besides, air pollution is not only a local issue, but also a global problem. Therefore, it is very important to balance environment and economic growth. The Chinese government has taken action to tackle air pollution to improve the air quality and traffic conditions in the cities, but some of the improvements are very temporary (Henry Hou, 2013). For China, it is a long term to address the air pollution, for example, introducing clean and renewable energy, reducing the toxic emissions from automobiles and power stations, and adopting the advanced vehicle technologies. With its increasing population and economic development, it is a big challenge to reduce emissions in China.
Recommendations
Air pollution is a serious issue in China. China has to spend billions of dollars cutting down air pollution every year. It is the most fundamental approach for air pollution to terminate the leading causes: stopping coal, getting rid of fossil fuels, and substituting green
and renewable energy for mineral fuels (Oliver, Hongyan, 2008). In the short period, a number of approaches can address air pollution, but these methods ask Chinese government to recognize the influence of air pollution on public health and the economy and make measures at once (Kristina Chew, 2013).
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