Displacement and rejection of cultural heritage--论文代写范文精选

计算机网络使全球化成为可能，通过创建一个技术平台。全球化可以提供巨大的经济效益，进入国际市场,促进对外投资,鼓励改善当地的基础设施。下面的paper代写范文进行阐述。

Introduction
When Information Technology penetrates a society, it brings with it the influences of mass information, increased communication, consumerism, the global society and a promotion of individuality. With the ability of Information Technology to break down the constraints of distance and time individuals are having their traditional life worlds challenged by new, exciting and potentially opposing outlooks. These alternative outlooks may contradict the value systems provided by their culture, throwing into doubt previously accepted knowledge and truths. According to Feigenbaum (2001), this has a massively destabilizing effect on the society and can reshape the collections of habits, outlooks, methods of communication and identities that are associated with a culture. 

Information Technology does not only throw into doubt the veracity of traditional cultures, it also acts to promote the forces of globalization. Kellner (2002: 285) states that the emerging global economy and network society finds its foundations in communication and information technologies. Global computer networks have made globalization possible by creating a technological infrastructure by which the global economy can be enabled. Globalization can provide massive economic benefits. It provides access to international markets, promotes external investment and encourages the improvement of local infrastructures. However, globalization, like most things associated with Information Technology has two faces. Information Technology has a massive impact on traditional forms of value and meaning. 

As Western society tends to be the most vocal proponent of Information Technology, it is generally the values of Western society that come part and parcel with Information Technology’s implementation. Western culture brings with it democratizing forces such as freedom of expression, equal rights and individualism. In this respect Information Technology allows for the emancipation of communities, undermining the influence and control of subjugating or overly dominating cultures. However, Information Technology has the exact same influence on cultures that were constructive or benevolent. The cultural value systems are supplanted regardless of the nature of the recipient culture. 

The recipient culture in this way loses its specificity and becomes part of the uniform global culture. Feenberg (1996) states that as Information Technology affects more and more cultures, fewer will remain outside of this amalgamation to constitute a cultural difference. The benefits of globalization and Information Technology are also primarily motivated by Western thought. When applied in different contexts and environments these ‘emancipating’ and ‘beneficial’ forces can have many alarming and unintended consequences. 

Traditional values and knowledge can flounder under the onslaught of the moral ambiguities of the international world. The glitz and glamour of hyperrealities can also make traditional systems seem outdated and boring by comparison. Traditional norms of communication and respect are seen as pointless or inefficient. Globalization can result in the recipient culture being left without any moral or ethical value foundations, resulting in the wholesale collapse of the society. While the influence of Information Technology may prove disastrous to individual traditional cultures, it could turn out to be beneficial to individuals themselves. Lombardo & College (1997) aver that: ‘[o]ne of the most interesting aspects of the global society is that as it spreads and integrates, it increasingly empowers individuals and unique and diverse elements of the human population’.

The redefinition of traditional societal forms 
The pluralistic and fragmentary impacts of Information Technology are compounded by the strong socio-economic influences that accompany its implementation. Information Technology has had a huge impact on the social structures that characterize today’s society and as such the individual is being required to re-think his or her understanding of the world. Information Technology has served to undermine the influences of tradition, cultural heritage, community and family, and has served to create new definitions of society. According to Conlon (2000: 115), ‘[t]he old structures of neighbourhood, employment, family and church no longer have the power to connect society that once they had’. 

Society has evolved to a state predicted by Castells (1996) where it can no longer be understood or represented without taking into consideration its technological tools. With the saturation of society with Information Technology and the rising influence that information is playing, a new type of society has emerged that is very different from traditional societal structures - the Information Society. The Information Society is one that has become so saturated with information and Information Technologies it has become completely dependant on them and is being shaped by them. The Information Society represents a major shift in the functioning of society. It dramatically impacts on traditional economic value models, definitions of society, social interaction and on the identity of the individual. Information Technology fuels industry and provides for the needs of the individual and the community. Information Technology becomes the cement that holds society together. According to Alvarez & Kilbourn (2002), ‘the Information Society is so profound, so far reaching, potentially so disruptive to our conceptions of self and society that even present language is inadequate for conceptualizing the phenomenon’.

The influence of Information Technology has not only served to change and shape society but it has also, through these impacts, marked the rise of individualism, giving rise to new ways or paradigms of ‘being’ in society. Traditional views on solidarity in a society are being exchanged for the promotion of plurality and individualism. This leads Capurro (1996) to state that Information Technology produces a chaotic society, not of irrationality, but rather the chaos of a multitude of conflicting views. Increasingly the forces of social cohesion are questioned as the mechanisms whereby values are created are undermined (Dupuis, 1989: 441). Prior to the mass bombardment of society by the mass media and the saturation of society with information, the transmission of values and meaning occurred via a macro-social process of community and education. Today these systems are no longer seen as a valid means of defining an individual’s life-world - the individual would rather create his or her own definitions of meaning and value. The Information Society is a society that has become dependent on information. 

This dependence and saturation of information can cause everything in the individual’s reality to pick up an ‘informational aura’. This gives rise to one of the main characteristics of an Information Society - what Introna (1995: 1) calls Instrumental Reason. According to Introna (1995: 1), ‘instrumental reason’s validity is found in the morally justified aims of efficiency and effectiveness’. This type of society is not only obsessed with optimization from a business point of view, but also with the optimization of their daily lives. In an information-saturated world everything can be known, and owing to the motivations of instrumental reason, everything can be improved upon. All things become objects to be manipulated in the pursuit of effect (Introna, 1995: 1). This enables information flows and processes to be made more effective, efficient and cost-effective. Optimization of processes results in greater cost benefits to organizations, greater performance and reduced time-to-market. This obsessive pursuit of optimization is the primary motivating factor for automating the workplace and morally justifies the existence of and creation of human cyborgs.(论文代写)

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