Late Antenatal Care Booking--论文代写范文精选

早期进入产前保健(ANC)是重要的早期检测和治疗相关的不良妊娠结果。产前保健发展了大约一个世纪,从住院到门诊的护理形式，才有今天的产前保健的方式。下面的paper代写范文进行详述。

Abstract
Antenatal care is concerned mainly with prevention, early diagnosis and treatment of general medical and pregnancy associated disorders. For it to be meaningful, early booking is recommended, however, late booking is still a major problem. 
Objective: To determine the prevalence of late booking in our environment and factors related to it. 
Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study using structured interviewer assisted questionnaires. Results: Mean gestational age at booking was 20.3±6.2 weeks. Prevalence of late entry to antenatal care was 82.6%. Maternal education and age remained significant factors influencing late booking. Late booking is still a major problem in this part of the world. Public enlightenment, health education coupled with women empowerment would be helpful in reducing the problem 
Key Words: Antenatal care, Late booking, Gestational age, Risk factors

Introduction
Early entry to antenatal care (ANC) is important for early detection and treatment of adverse pregnancy related outcomes. Antenatal care evolved over a period of about a century, with the trend changing gradually from inpatient to out-patient form of care that we have today.1,2 This form of care for pregnant women has become an important pillar in the safe motherhood programme, as the aim is to improve the outcome of pregnancy for both the mother and the fetus.2,3 The usual recommendations nowadays is for booking (first antenatal visit) to take place in early pregnancy, prior to 14 weeks. 

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that pregnant women in developing countries should seek ANC within the first 4 months of pregnancy.4 In developed countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States, ANC is recommended within the first 12 weeks of pregnancy.5,6 Early booking, makes fairly accurate dating feasible, especially in women who are unsure of their last menstrual period, certain baseline measurements, such as blood pressure, body mass index and urinalysis done at this gestational age give a fair idea of the pre-pregnancy state of the patient.

7,8 Various studies have reported factors associated with late entry to ANC , these include place of residence 9-11 , ethnicity 12, age 10, education 11,13,14, employment status12,15, parity 10- 12,14, intention to get pregnant 9,12, use of contraceptive method 12, economic status 9,12,13, health insurance 9-11,13,16 and travel time.9 However, in spite of advantages of early booking, late booking is common in the developing world.17,18 Studies from Benin and Sokoto, in other regions of Nigeria showed that mean gestational ages at booking among the pregnant women were 23.7 and 23.55 weeks, respectively.

Results
Four hundred and eighty questionnaires were administered, four hundred and seventy (97.9%) were returned. Mean age of the respondents was 28 ± 4.6 years (17 - 41). Eighty four (18.5%) booked within 13 weeks of gestation while majority, 370(81.5%) booked after 13 weeks. Mean gestational age at booking was 20.3 ± 6.2 weeks. Three hundred ninety three (83.6%) were in monogamous union and sixty four (14.0%) were polygamous. Three hundred and eighty-eight (82.6%) were carrying singleton fetus, 22(4.7%) multiple pregnancies and 60(12.8%) were unsure.

Discussion
The study attempted to assess the prevalence of women who entered antenatal care (ANC) late in South Western Nigeria in 2006 and identify related factors. Eighty one percent of women entered ANC after 12 weeks of gestation. This was double the Australian study in 2004,20 but similar to studies reported in other parts of the country.19 The mean gestational age at booking was still very high but slightly lower than reports from studies in other parts the country.17,19 This is far away from the recommendation of World Health Organization thus the benefits of early booking is not yet well appreciated. 

Our results were similar to the findings from other studies on significance of age10, and maternal education.11 Women that were less than 25 years old, were less educated, earning lesser income and more unemployed than the older women and were more likely to register late; though after adjusting for other factors, income became insignificant, this may still be due to traditional practice of late booking in this environment due to the belief that since pregnancy is not a diseased condition, thus reason for indifference to early booking. Women that had lower education or none booked later than those with higher education, this agrees with studies in developed countries11,13,14 better educated women would likely appreciate the importance of early booking more than the less educated ones. 

This emphasizes the importance of education on antenatal care. Previous obstetric complications such as still birth, eclampsia, intrauterine fetal death; and caesarean section have no influence on gestational age at booking which were also reported in another study in the country.19 This might be due to the negative effect of ignorance which had been demonstrated in vicious circle of disease, ignorance and poverty. In contrast to other studies in the country, illness in index pregnancy and nulliparity that were found to be significantly associated with early booking had no influence on gestational age at booking in this study,17,19 this might be due to poor counseling of those who had illness in the index pregnancy by the health workers they first had contact with which were usually in low cadres that may not necessarily have midwifery skill. Traditionally, nulliparous women in our environment would first seek counseling from multiparous women who were considered to be more experienced and would eventually in most instances discourage early booking as seen in this study.

Conclusion
late booking still remain significantly high in our environment indicating that the importance of early booking is yet to be appreciated. Maternal education and age which had been associated with better income earning had been found to improve booking status. There is need for public enlightenment and incorporation of the benefits of early booking in the routine antenatal health education. Women empowerment through qualitative education and gainful employment were also major factors that would contribute significantly to early booking.(论文代写)

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