Climate Changes

此短文从多个角度表明世界粮食安全的重要性，以及世界粮食安全的危害。并由此引出我们应该如何去处理这样的事情，并提出了一些建议和我们应该如何去解决的办法。 

Famine becomes a severe problem that our human beings cannot ignore. Nearly 1 billion people in the world are suffering starvation. It happens in developing countries but also some regions in developed country, but the representative region is Africa. Its causes is numerous, climate, soil condition, population, decrease of unrenewable resources, crisis and so on. It is a tough target to eradicate famine of the world, but we should be optimistic and take action, instead of letting it happen.

The fast growing population is an important reason for food insecurity. It is estimated that the world population will add up to 9.2 billion by 2050 and eight of the ten countries with the highest average annual growth rate in the are African. That means we have to ensure almost another 4 billion people’s food in the future, and African takes up large part of it, up to 1 billion. It is a target we can accomplish but more efficient agriculture methods needed to fulfill it and the food system approach need to change as well. Like urban and peri-urban agriculture can build a shorter food chain, which benefit both area. It works well in practice such as Latin America and the Caribbean.

Climate changes rapidly and extreme weather events are more frequently as well, which greatly influence nearly affect all parts of food security: food availability, access to food, stability of food supplies and food utilization, especially in the area of Africa and Asia. Take food availability as an example. From 2080-2100, the potential agriculture output may be declined by 30% in Africa and 21% in developing countries. Actually, climate change and agriculture are interacted on each other. 13.5% of the world’s greenhouse gas is from agriculture and similarly just 1°C increase of mean temperature will make 20%-30% of species at the edge of extinction. Lack of trees will result in global warming while lack of crops will results in starvation. To control the world climate change, the adjustment of agriculture and forestry should be done at the same time. It is a balance to control the area of crops and forest to maintain the normality of climate of the world.

More and more people realize that our system of modern agriculture is very fragile. It depends deeply on climate, natural resources such as water, fuels and phosphate rock and soil condition.Rapid climate change deeply affect the productivity of modern agriculture. Besides, higher temperature results in more diseases and increase the chance of infection among livestock. Fuels and phosphate rock are unrenewable resources, and it is predicted that only 54.2 years of known crude oil reserves and the phosphate rock production will peak in this century, which means its exploitation will decline soon. Once there is no phosphate rock, there is no alternative convenient way of obtaining phosphorus.

Besides these two annoying problems, water and lands also has big potential threat to agriculture. Thanks to the increase of population, the land needed for cultivation is increasing. However, many place where suitable for growth are lost because of soil pollution and erosion. Nearly 1/3 of the world arable land has been lost due to erosion during the last 40 to 50 years. Soil erosion in Africa is estimated to cause a loss of 1kg of phosphorus per hectare per year. Having lands is not enough for agriculture. We need soil with the nutrition the growth of crops need. However, many places do not meet the demand, particularly in Africa. A study by the US department of Agriculture points out:”55% of the land in Africa is unsuitable for any kind of agriculture except nomadic grazing.” In Somalia, a two-year drought – which is phenomenal in now being the driest year in the last 60 – has caused record food inflation, particularly in the expectation of the next harvest being 50% of normal. The drought has killed off the pastoralists’ prime livestock assets (up to 90% animal mortality in some areas), slashing further their purchasing power. Consequently, their need for food cannot fulfill by themselves. It has no choice but importing from other countries. To help them, controlling the price of crops is very essential. But some other countries like Japan, they may try to transform major on importing to domestic growth. The government should take action to manage land and it will be a long period and tough. Another crucial factor is water. Though water is a renewable natural resource, but its distribution is not even. In most parts of Africa, water is not sufficient for irrigation. Even in the area that rain is abundant, the overuse of water will cause lack of water as well. As the results, water deliveries is need to be better adjusted to crop needs and soil condition to reduce the loss of water.

Food insecurity is a global problem but developing countries, especially African countries suffers a lot from it. Besides the reasons mentioned above, they have more causes. Internal conflicts and overlook of famine is an important reason. Take Somalia for an example. It is suffering severe famine nowadays, according to UN figures, 1 billion US dollars is needed to meet immediate needs, while there is only 200 million donated.

Food insecurity is not a difficult problem that we cannot fix it. Firstly, we need to figure out the reason, than we make related solution such as increasing agricultural production and productivity. Make effective soil management and get useful and in time market information. All is needed to eradicate starvation. Action should be taken to response to the challenge, which is most important.

The world has the problem of food insecurity, we should solve it at the level of world. Money is not the only way to solve it. Make full use of natural resource and cherish them. Protect our planet from pollution. At the same time, some places such as Africa, do not have the ability to figure out starvation by themselves, we should give our hand in time. We are the same species, we should union to encounter this obstacle and get over it.

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