政治的27个人物或名词解释

这是关于政治课程中的27个人物或名词的解释，包括 Karl Marx，Korean War ，Russian Revolution，Holocaust等等。

Karl Marx-“a German who was born in 1818, a great leader of the proletariat, a founder of Scientific Socialism, a brilliant politician, Philosopher, economist, socialist and revolutionist. He finished writing of Capital and Manifesto of the Communist Party and was regarded the spiritual leader of communists. He developed theories about class and believed that capitalism would finally been replaced by communism. His theories and works have a great impact on people all over the world, died in 1883.”

  Vladimir Lenin-“ a worldwide famous Russia revolutionist, political, great thinker, the creator of the first nation of socialism –Soviet Regime in the world, the founder of Bolshevik Party and a leader of October Revolution. He succeeded Marxism which is a great theory and developed it into Marxism and was regarded a great spiritual communism leader by communists. Died in 1924 and was buried in Red Square.”

  Korean War-“a civil war which originally happened between the North Korea and the South Korea in 1950 in Korea. But there were many supporters who supports one side of the war like America, Russia and China. Lots of countries was involved in the war. The war ended while "Korea armistice agreement was signed in 1953. The war caused great damage to both North Korea and Korea and had a great impact on world history.

  Che Guevara-“born in 1928, a communist and leader of revolutionary armed forces in Cuba, a Marxist and core leader of Cuba revolution. He was appointed as the president of Cuba after the victory of the revolution. He also took part in guerrilla war that against imperialism to support the third world and was arrested and killed in Bolivia in 1967. After his death, his portrait was regarded a symbol of anti-mainstream culture and a hero of the third world. he also was considered one of hundred persons in the 20th century by Times.”

  Franklin Roosevelt-“the 32th president of America in 1933, the only president who served four terms in American history. During the big depression in 1930s, he promoted new policy to rescue the declined economy and actually have an effect, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), Tennessee Valley Authority (TVC) and Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) he founded played an important role in international trade today. He is one of three greatest presidents in America and famous for his wise policies during the depression.

  Adolf Hitler-“a political, militarist and leader of Nazi Party in Germany. A core person who launched the World War Two and an advocator who pursued racialism. He became the president who owned armed forces of Germany in 1934, which turned Germany into a country which dominated by Nazi Party and with dictatorship. He occupied the whole Europa at the beginning of the war in 1939 and began to fail after Normandy Invasion, he ended his life in 1945. He also was regarded as the most influenced people in the 20th century.”

  Joseph Stalin-“General Secretary of Communist Party of the Soviet Union, General and the great leader from 1924 to 1953. He promoted socialist industrialization and collectivization of agriculture which made the Soviet Union become a military power, During the World War Two, he leaded the Red Army with allies to defeat the Axis Alliances. He supported the establishment of Socialism in other countries, composed with North Atlantic Treaty Organization which leaded by America in Cold War. Died in 1953 and is rated the greatest Russian.”

  Atomic Bombs-“an explosion happened at end of the World War Two in Hiroshima of Japan in 1945, which was put by America Government who wanted Japan to surrender as soon as possible. Hiroshima and Nagasaki was selected as the aims when Japan refused Potsdam Declaration. The explosion caused lots of death and a great damage to Japan and The peace memorial ceremony of atomic bomb is held to memorize the death and pursue of peace in the world.

  Iranian Revolution-“an anti-imperialism and anti-feudalism Capital revolution in Iranian in 1905, which lasted for 8 months and led by business man, bourgeois intellectuals, monks of upper class for the strengthening of the legislation with the influence of Russia revolution. There were lots of parades and strikes and finally was suppressed with the support of England and Russia. But it was a great try of the bourgeois revolution which is part of world history.” 

  Marshall Plan-“also named European Recovery Program according to officials. An assistance plan and rebuild program for western European countries that was damaged after the World War Two. It is initiated in July 1947 and lasts for 4 years, during which, western European countries accepted financial, technological assistance from America by joining in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The plan have a great influence of the development of western European countries and political pattern in the world.”

  Russo-Japanese War-“-“In order to invade the northeast of China and North Korea, a war between Japan, Russia and China happened in 1904 and ended in 1905. Russia was defeated by Japan when Qing dynasty of China was neutral. Three sides suffered great losses. The war made Japan acquire military advantage in Northeast of China, possessed the rights that set up army in those areas, which have a great impact on the development of each countries.”

  “Social Darwinism”-“a social and cultural revolution theories in 19th , was famous for its relationship with Darwin's theory of biology. Walter Bagehot of Britain and William Graham Summer of America are social Darwinists, they think natural selections which influences the population variation will lead to the existence of the strongest competitors and the improvement of population. The theory is an important factors of the beginning of the World War One and land expansion of Nazi and is abandoned in today’s world.”

  Boxer Rebellion-“a rebellion led by peasants in north china and partial army of Qing Dynasty in 1900. It called for supporting the Qing dynasty and resisting the invasion of foreigners, aimied to westerners who resulted in the 8 nations’ invasion to China. It was a violent movement for protecting their own counties. There are lots of disputes of the movement, but the rebellion urged Chinese people at that time to resist the invasion and to some extent had a positive effect.”
  
  Berlin Conference-“a conference held in Berlin of Germany in 1878. The powerful countries wanted to rebuild the distributions of Balkan Peninsula. The prime minister of Germany Bismarck invited those countries to attend the conference to coordinate the interests of Britain, Russian and Austro-Hungarian Empire. The conference make the problem more complicated and become a conference on which western countries discussed the division of Africa.”
Suez Canal-“built and open to navigation in 1869 the total length is 190 kilometer, connects Mediterranean and the Red Sea, is the nearest way from Europe to the Indian Ocean and West Pacific, is one of the most used ship routes and also the major routes for the connections between Africans and Asians.”

  Young Turks-“Four students who major medicine of turkey built anti-autocratic rule group, which then was called “Young Turks” Europeans. It attracted lots of young mans, intellectuals to join in. It required the territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire, the constitutions in 1876 and represented the interest of bourgeoisies. Finally dismissed in 1926.”

  Meiji Restoration-“a movement occurred in Japan in 1960. With the influence of the western industry civilization of capitalism, Meiji began the revolution by building new government, establishing constitutional monarchy, learning from western countries, developing education since 1868. The revolution made Japan become one of the powers in the world and also offered a chance for Japan to start its invasion, which was a disasters to Asian neighbors.”

  Spanish-American War-“a war happened in 1898, in order to invade the land of Spanish including Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines, America launched the war that is the first Imperialist war aiming to divide colonies. The war symbolizes the rise of America as a power in the world and more involvement to international affairs.” 

  Dawes Plan-“a plan which primarily proposed by Dawes who was an American Economist to solve the reparations problems after the World War One in 1924.The plan ensure more countries to involve in the control of the reparations and it also the solve the shortage of money problems in Germany, help the development and stabilization of European countries.”

  Russian Revolution-“also named October Revolution, the second stage of revolution after February Revolution in 1917. It is an armed uprising led by Lenin and Trotsky and built the second the proletariat regime and the first communist country-the Soviet Union under the guidance of Marxism. It toppled the imperialism and inspired the communists around the world to fight for communism.”

  Holocaust-“an action that killed people massively and deliberately, which usually related to crimes and violence. The actions toward prisoner of war can also be regarded as a holocaust. There are many holocausts in human history, which violates the human rights and is very violent.”

  NATO-“an abbreviation of North Atlantic Treaty Organization, an alliance between America and developed western European Countries built in 1949. The organization owns amounts of nuclear weapons and conventional army. It is an important military force, a combination of capitalism and development of Marshall Plan, a symbol of America as a superpower.”

  Warsaw Pact-“signed in Warsaw of Boland in Sep 1929 and started to effect in 1933. It included the unification of some rules in international air transport and specified the responsibilities of the transport process, after many revisions, it is a complete rules in the field.”

  Mau Mau Uprising-“also named Land and Freedom Army, a rebellion in Kenya because of land problems in 1950s. Africans was not allowed to take part in political activities in 1953. When the core leader Dedan Kimathi was arrested in 1956, the uprising began to disappear. Thousands of Africans were killed in the uprising process while no more than 50 westerners.”

  Nelson Mandela-“president of North Africa from 1994 to 1999, the first black man who was a president. He was active in anti- apartheid and was sent to prison for 27 years. He won a lot of prizes including the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1993 and he was honored as the greatest North Africans and died in 2013. ”

  Apartheid (S. Africa)-“a system which separated the human beings according to their skin colors, such as white man, black man and other colored people. From the classification in laws in 1948 in South Africa, people was forces to separated, especially the black man who become the citizens of some special home. It was abolished until 1994, which was considered a crime to human being to establish the system.” 

  Kwame Nkrumah-“leader of Ghana that firstly gain its independence in Black Africa  in 1957, the first Ghana president from 1960 to 1966, a pioneer who struggled for national independence and socialism, advocated non-alliance campaign, the unification of Africa and Pan-Africanism. He was respected by African people and was a great African leader, died in 1972.”

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