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AIC LSU Student Resources HARVARD REFERENCING Why is it necessary to reference' What is plagiarism' In-text referencing - Direct Quotes - Indirect Quotes (Paraphrasing and Summarising) How to reference 1. In-text referencing; 2. Reference List Which referencing style should I use' DISCLAIMER Much of the information contained in this document has been taken directly or adapted from the following guidelines: Academic Learning Support Division of Teaching and Learning Services 2008, Harvard (author-date) Referencing guide Central Queensland University Rockhampton, Queensland. This is available online at: http://facultysite.cqu.edu.au/FCWViewer/getFile.do'id=5763 This document is not a substitute for the resources mentioned above. This LSU supplement should be read in conjunction with the guidelines mentioned above in addition to the specific course profiles. COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969 WARNING This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of Central Queensland University pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act). The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further reproduction or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. Do not remove this notice. CQU CRICOS Codes: 00219C – Qld; 01315F – NSW; 01624D - Vic CQU CRICOS Provider Codes: VIC - 01624D; QLD - 00219C; NSW - 01315F Why is it necessary to reference' As mentioned in the previous chapter, most assessment tasks will require you to undertake research and to use critical analysis and thinking. This process requires you to read the assignment question(s) and to then read widely in order to decide upon the best response. Although the final answer presented must be your own (i.e. a discussion in your own words, not copied ‘chunks’ of material from books, articles and websites), you still need to identify for the reader (usually your tutor or lecturer) where your ideas have come from. This means that whenever referring to the ideas/words of other authors presented in books, articles, websites or any other resources, you must reference it. Referencing serves two key purposes: 1. It acknowledges the words or ideas of the original authors. 2. It allows a reader to locate the sources themselves and to read them in full if they wish to check, clarify or simply read more about ideas or issues you have raised. Failure to acknowledge the ideas or words of an author with appropriate referencing is plagiarism. This is an offence with serious consequences, not only for the assignment itself but for your entire academic career. What is Plagiarism' Students are advised to read the CQU Plagiarism Policy at http://policy.cqu.edu.au/policy.jsp'policyid=198 AIC LSU Student Resources: Harvard Referencing Last Updated: 26th February, 2008 Last printed 3/11/2008 9:52 AM This document is uncontrolled when printed Page 2 of 20 Plagiarism is a form of literary theft and is cheating even if it is unintentional. The following are some common examples of how plagiarism can occur: PLAGIARISM EXAMPLE A: Collusion Copying and submitting the work of another student (even if it is only a small section of an assignment) as though it were your own is plagiarism. Unless you are completing a group-task, do not write up assignments with other students. The risk of writing the same thing is too great. Never give your assignment to another student to look at. If they copy your work, you will both be caught for plagiarism. Plagiarism Example B: Re-submitting your own work (in whole or in part) for another course/assessment item Even though the original assignment may be your own, if you re-submit it for another course, you have not submitted original work and so this is considered plagiarism. Plagiarism Example C: Submitting work without referencing If your assignment does not include any references, then it can be considered plagiarism as you will have presented other people’s ideas and/or words as your own without acknowledgement. Note: If the ideas are purely your own and you have not consulted any other sources, then you may have failed to follow the assignment criteria as in most cases you are required to support your ideas by consulting other sources. Plagiarism Example D: Incorrect referencing Referencing incorrectly is a form of plagiarism. If you fail to reference correctly, you are leaving out vital information that indicates how you used the source. These types of errors will be highlighted later in this guide. AIC LSU Student Resources: Harvard Referencing Last Updated: 26th February, 2008 Last printed 3/11/2008 9:52 AM This document is uncontrolled when printed Page 3 of 20 In-text referencing To refer to the words or information from other sources the following can be used: 1. Direct Quote (also called quotation or quote); or 2. Indirect Quote (also called paraphrase, summary, citation or cite). Direct Quotes A direct quote is an exact copy of the words written in the original source. When quoting directly, it is best to select single words or phrases and avoid doing it too often. Although a direct quote is permitted if referenced properly, in most cases it does not count toward the total word count, nor does it demonstrate to the reader that you understand what you have read. For this reason, you should explain the meaning of the quotation in your own words (see Indirect Quote). Remember, your assignment will be assessed on your original ideas and your analysis of the ideas of others. If you present an assignment that is filled with direct quotes you have not demonstrated sufficient original thought and analysis, and may fail the assignment. There will be a few occasions where you will choose to quote directly. For example when referring to law or a particular person’s viewpoint. In these cases specific details and expression can be very important so you may choose to use a direct quote. • Direct quotes must be referenced, including family name of author/s, year of publication and page number (see p. 18). • As a general rule, assignments should contain no more than 10% direct quotes. If an assignment is 2000 words, it should contain no more than 200 words of direct quotation. • Avoid copying paragraphs/large chunks into an assignment. Many large quotes will affect the word count and your tutor will have no way of knowing whether you have understood what you have read. Also, large chunks of another author’s words in an assignment can be disruptive and AIC LSU Student Resources: Harvard Referencing Last Updated: 26th February, 2008 Last printed 3/11/2008 9:52 AM This document is uncontrolled when printed Page 4 of 20 taken out of context. If you do this, your assignment will seem disjointed (lacking continuity) and difficult to follow. • If quoting directly, try to follow the quote with a sentence or sentences of your own that explains why this quote is important to your topic or position. This indicates whether you have understood and considered the implications of the point being made. Long Quotes • • • • • • For long quotations (longer than 30 words) Start on a new line and do not use quotation marks Justify text Use a smaller font size (e.g. use font size 11 if the main font size is 12) Indent 1cm from right and left margins Include in-text reference details for a direct quotation as normal (surname, year and page number) Example In her investigation into the study skills development of university students, Cottrell (2001,p. 15) suggests that: It is the lecturer who provides opportunities for discussion, interactive learning, problem solving, student participation and other strategies that enable a wide range of skills to develop. Conservative teaching styles may mean that students leave with a very narrow set of skills and very little idea of how to apply them across a range of contexts. So according to this information…… Indirect Quotes In an indirect quote you refer to the ideas of another author, but the ideas are expressed in your own words, either by paraphrasing or summarising the information. It is still very important to reference indirect quotes because although you may be using your own words, you are expressing the ideas of another author(s) and the author must be acknowledged. Plagiarism occurs when an author is not acknowledged. Paraphrasing (see example on p. 18) AIC LSU Student Resources: Harvard Referencing Last Updated: 26th February, 2008 Last printed 3/11/2008 9:52 AM This document is uncontrolled when printed Page 5 of 20 The Australian Concise Oxford Dictionary (1999, p. 973) defines paraphrasing as ‘free rendering or rewording of a passage’…that is to ‘express the meaning of (a passage) in other words.’ This means that when you reword or rephrase a shorter passage of words or information then you are paraphrasing. Paraphrasing is preferable to quoting directly because it indicates that you understand what you have read and your assignment will generally ‘flow’ better. Paraphrasing is a particularly useful tool when summarising a viewpoint or idea shared by several authors. However, when paraphrasing, the sentence(s) must be changed completely. Changing one or two words at the beginning, end or somewhere in the middle is not paraphrasing as the majority of the text will still be identical. This can constitute plagiarism. Focus on the meaning of what you have read and then write it in your own words. For examples and exercises on paraphrasing and summarising please ask your Learning Skills Unit tutor(s). Summarising Summarising, is another way to express someone else’s ideas in your own words. Summarising focuses on the author’s main points in a specific work but does not discuss or present the minor details. Summarising requires you to read an entire text (for example an article, book chapter, or book) and then to consider the main points and key ideas. Then refer to the author’s idea in perhaps a few sentences or as part of one or more paragraphs, focusing on the key point(s) rather than rephrasing each line and repeating every specific detail. AIC LSU Student Resources: Harvard Referencing Last Updated: 26th February, 2008 Last printed 3/11/2008 9:52 AM This document is uncontrolled when printed Page 6 of 20 How to reference Referencing is a two stage process: 1. Providing source details In-Text when using a Direct or Indirect Quote; and 2. Including a Reference List of all sources and their publication details. 1. In-text Referencing This involves placing a reference in the body of the assignment when using direct or indirect quotes. Note that sources should be referenced inside the text as often as is necessary, so your assignment may include several references to the same source. Intext referencing indicates to the reader which ideas came from which source. 2. Reference List This appears at the end of the assignment and is a single list of all the sources you have referenced in-text. Each source is listed in alphabetical order according to the author’s surname or family name (in English texts this is the last name). The reference list provides the full publication details for each source, so the reader can clearly identify and easily locate these sources if needed. NOTE: Correct referencing requires you to use both the in-text referencing and the reference list. If you miss either stage, you will lose marks and may face plagiarism problems. AIC LSU Student Resources: Harvard Referencing Last Updated: 26th February, 2008 Last printed 3/11/2008 9:52 AM This document is uncontrolled when printed Page 7 of 20 Which referencing style should I use' When referencing, there are various formats or styles. Choose the style of referencing required by the Faculty (or School) to which your course belongs. The Faculty of Business & Informatics requires you to use: Harvard Author-date system: Legal Citation (Footnoting): For all courses apart from Law For Law courses (as requested) The Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Education requires you to use: Harvard Author-date system: For all courses in Humanities (except History), Sociology, Social Work and Welfare Studies. The difference between these systems is mainly the way the references look, that is, the level of detail in the references and where they are located. However, the principles of each system are basically the same. Both systems require you to refer to the source as you discuss the idea and to then place the full citation in the reference list at the end. The following guide is an overview of how the Harvard style is presented. Please note that information regarding Legal Citation (Footnoting) is also available from the LSU. If you are studying a law course and are required to use footnotes, please ask your LSU tutor for the additional guide. AIC LSU Student Resources: Harvard Referencing Last Updated: 26th February, 2008 Last printed 3/11/2008 9:52 AM This document is uncontrolled when printed Page 8 of 20 HARVARD AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM Most courses at this university follow the Harvard Author-Date system of referencing. It is a very simple way to acknowledge the materials you have used and can be done by following these simple rules: Where does it appear' In the body of the assignment (as you refer to the ideas). This is done any time you quote directly or indirectly as often as is necessary. Why' To acknowledge the work of the original source or author What details must be included' Indirect quote• Family name of Author/s • Year of publication Direct quote• Family name of Author/s • Year of publication • page number • single quotation marks around the ‘copied words’. See additional examples of direct and indirect quotes on p. 18 of this document Stage 1 IN- TEXT Stage 2 REFERENCE LIST At the end of the assignment. The list should be written on a separate page. This is done to provide the full bibliographical details of each source, which helps the reader to identify and locate the correct source. Full citation. Note that the details included in the full citation will vary from source to source depending on what type of source it is. To ensure you are including the correct details in the right order, check the models listed in the following pages or the Guides below. The following pages (10 - 16) include direct extracts from pages 25-45 of: Academic Learning Support Division of Teaching and Learning Services 2008, Harvard (author-date) Referencing guide Central Queensland University Rockhampton, Queensland. This is available online at: http://facultysite.cqu.edu.au/FCWViewer/getFile.do'id=5763 They provide models for in-text referencing and full-citation for commonly used resource types. For a full list of resource types and their relevant models, please refer to the guide itself. All models shown in this guide are also followed by LSU explanations to assist you in identifying key referencing elements and are numbered for your convenience. AIC LSU Student Resources: Harvard Referencing Last Updated: 26th February, 2008 Last printed 3/11/2008 9:52 AM This document is uncontrolled when printed Page 9 of 20 The following pages (10 - 16) include direct extracts from pages 25-45 of: Academic Learning Support Division of Teaching and Learning Services 2008, Harvard (author-date) Referencing guide Central Queensland University Rockhampton, Queensland. This is available online at: http://facultysite.cqu.edu.au/FCWViewer/getFile.do'id=5763 They provide models for in-text referencing and full-citation for commonly used resource types. For a full list of resource types and their relevant models, please refer to the guide itself. All models shown in this guide are also followed by LSU explanations to assist you in identifying key referencing elements and are numbered for your convenience. BOOKS One author IN-TEXT REFERENCING Also known as embedded referencing or citing work MODEL TO FOLLOW IN THE REFERENCE LIST Always indicate new entries in the reference list by inserting line spacing between entries. (Be consistent.) A recent study (Unterhalter 2007) found that gender… or Unterhalter (2007, p.10) claims that ‘…’. Unterhalter, E 2007, Gender, schooling and global social justice, RoutledgeFalmer, London. Note: When an author has two or more initials, the entry would look like this: Hinchy, RD 2007, The Australian legal system: history, institutions and method, Pearson Education Australia, Frenchs Forest. Example 1.0 LSU EXPLANATION 1.0 Author’s family name and the year of publication. Include quotation marks and page number if a direct quote. Author’s family name, Author’s initials Year, Book title, edition number (if relevant), Publisher, City of publication. Four or more authors A comprehensive study of organizational behaviour conducted… (Robbins et al. 2001) Robbins, SP, Millett, B, Cacioppe, R & Waters-Marsh, T 2001, Organisational behaviour, 3rd edn, Prentice Hall Aust, Frenchs Forest. or Robbins et al. (2001, p.34) suggested in their comprehensive study that ‘…’. Example 2.0 Note: If there is another reference starting with Robbins and three or more other authors, the names of all the authors should be given in both cases to avoid confusion. Family name of the first author (as listed on the book) followed by ‘et al.’ (meaning ‘and others’) followed by the year. Include quotation marks and page number if a direct quote. Note: Use et al. in all in-text entries. Include all of the authors in the reference list. LSU EXPLANATION 2.0 List family name and initials of all authors, separated by commas and ampersand (&). The rest of the reference should follow the pattern as per example 2-11. AIC LSU Student Resources: Harvard Referencing th Last Updated: 26 February, 2008 Last printed 3/11/2008 9:52 AM This document is uncontrolled when printed Page 10 of 20 Multiple works – same author Recent research (Simpson 2000, 2003) has indicated that… Simpson, O 2000, Supporting students in open and distance learning, Kogan Page, London. Simpson, O 2003, Student retention in online, open, and distance learning, Kogan Page, London. Smith, C 2005a, How to do everything with Photoshop CS2, McGraw-Hill, New York. Smith, C 2005b, Photoshop and Dreamweaver integration: creating highimpact web pages, McGraw-Hill, New York. or Recent literature (Smith 2005a, 2005b) suggests that… Example 3.0 Note: When using two studies by the same author in different years, paraphrasing is essential. Place in chronological order - oldest first. Ideas by Smith (2005b) were implemented… Note: you may use direct quotes when using the sources separately. Add a, b, c, etc. to differentiate between works in the same year by using the alphabetical order of the article title. LSU EXPLANATION 3.0 Works by different authors – same family name The references are differentiated by the year of publication. Include quotation marks and page number if a direct quote. Each reference is listed separately in the reference list. The sources should be placed in order of publication from earliest, to latest. A recent report (Brown 2004) shows that… or It was recently found that ‘…’(Brown 2000, pp. 47-48) Note: The year of publication will differentiate between the two authors. In-text, the date will show the reader which source is which. Include quotation marks and page number if a direct quote. Brown ER 2000, Cooloola Coast: Noosa to Fraser Island: the Aboriginal and settlers histories of a unique environment, University of Queensland Press, St Lucia. Brown, B 2004, Memo for a saner world, Penguin, Camberwell. In the reference list, be sure to place these sources in alphabetical order according to their family name, and then according to their first initial. Example 4.0 LSU EXPLANATION 4.0 Works by different authors – same family name – same year Example 5.0 LSU EXPLANATION 5.0 B Smith (2007) pointed out the importance of superannuation in the management of business funds. Managers of these funds must be careful to avoid any… (Smith, R. 2007). Note: As a general rule, it is advisable to paraphrase in this instance. In text, ensure that you include the authors’ first initials to help differentiate them. Not example 5.0 refers to Smith B ,(2007) and later to Smith, R (2007) Smith, B 2007, Superannuation handbook 2007 – 2008, John Wiley & Sons, Australia. Smith, RF 2007, Business process management and the balanced scorecard, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken. In the reference list reference the sources as per the requirements of their source type (e.g. book, website, journal article etc). They will again be differentiated by the author’s first initial. AIC LSU Student Resources: Harvard Referencing th Last Updated: 26 February, 2008 Last printed 3/11/2008 9:52 AM This document is uncontrolled when printed Page 11 of 20 Referring to an author (primary source) read about in another publication (secondary source) Example 6.0 LSU EXPLANATION 6.0 Garnaut, writing in 2006 (cited in Healey 2007) claims… Healey, J 2007, Issues in society: immigration and citizenship, vol 261, Spinney Press, Balmain. Kamler, B 2001, Relocating the personal: a critical writing pedagogy, State University of New York Press, Albany. Note: Try to locate the primary source if possible. or Immigration figures…(Garnaut 2006, cited in Healey 2007) or Kamler (2001, p.91), in referring to Murray’s 1982 metaphor… In text, you must first reference the original source of the idea (primary reference) and follow this with the source from which you read it (secondary source). In such references you must always include a page reference, even if it is an indirect quote. Note: the word ‘cited’ simply means ‘referred to’. In the reference list, you only need to include the referencing details for the secondary source (that is the one you actually read). If you have referenced it correctly in text, your reader should be able to easily locate the primary information. SPECIALISED SOURCES Study Guide (author known) Example 7.0 LSU EXPLANATION 7.0 The historians of the West…Webster (2005). Webster, B 2005, HIST11025 Survey history of the West: study guide, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton. or Similarly, Webster (2005, p.1-2) noted that ‘…’. A study guide can be treated as any other book. Use the author(s) family name and the year of publication. Include quotation marks and page number if a direct quote. Author’s family name, author’s initial, Course code and title: Study Guide, publisher, place f publication. Study Guide (author unknown) Example 8.0 LSU EXPLANATION 8.0 A recent report (Central Queensland University [CQU] 2000) has suggested that… Central Queensland University (CQU) 2000, EDE48201 Development and disability: study guide, Author, Rockhampton. or Findings from a 1990 study indicate that ‘…’ (Central Queensland University [CQU] 200, p.5). If no specific person is listed as the author, the university is considered the author. Simply use the university name followed by the year. Include quotation marks and page number if a direct quote. University name, year of publications, Course code and course name: Study Guide, publisher, place of publication AIC LSU Student Resources: Harvard Referencing th Last Updated: 26 February, 2008 Last printed 3/11/2008 9:52 AM This document is uncontrolled when printed Page 12 of 20 Text reprinted in a University Resource readings Example 9.0 LSU EXPLANATION 9.0 In a review of the situation, Wood (2004, p.11) indicates that ‘…’. or Indigenous health care in Australia in the 1900s did not take into account…(Wood 2004). Use the author(s) family name(s) followed by the year of publication. Include quotation marks and page number if a direct quote. Wood, J 2004, A first look at interpersonal communication, pp.10-14, in Central Queensland University (CQU) 2007, NURS11145 Indigenous and cross cultural health care: resource materials, Author, Rockhampton. In the reference list, you must first include the referencing details as provided within your resource materials (including the page references). Then add a comma followed by ‘in’, University name, year, course code and course title, the type of resource (e.g. resource materials), the author of the publication and the place of publication. Course Resources Online (CQU Library) Example 10.0 LSU EXPLANATION 10.0 How to tax gains made by non-residents…(Watkins & Langford 2007) or Watkins and Langford (2007, P.30) indicate that ‘taxation of gains made by non-residents…’. Use the author(s) family name(s) followed by the year of publication. Include quotation marks and page number if a direct quote. Watkins, D & Langford, J 2007, A new phase in Australia’s double tax agreements’ Taxation in Australia, vol. 42, no.2, pp.30-35, Central Queensland University Course Resources Online LAWS19034. In the reference list, you must first include the referencing details of the original source (including relevant volume, issue and page numbers. Then add a comma followed by University name, ‘Course Resources Online’ followed by the course code. AIC LSU Student Resources: Harvard Referencing th Last Updated: 26 February, 2008 Last printed 3/11/2008 9:52 AM This document is uncontrolled when printed Page 13 of 20 Other documents on the World Wide Web (WWW) Indicate page numbers by using, for example, p. 3 of 4 in in-text referencing. To see the page numbers, click on File then Print Preview while in Internet Explorer. When referencing documents from the WWW apply this principle: Author and date, Name of document, viewed date, URL. Examples of model referencing: electronic sources WARNING: Be very careful when using materials from the World Wide Web. You are marked on your ability to do good research and you should only use sources that are reliable and trustworthy. If the site you find provides no information regarding authorship or publication date, you are advised not to use it. Remember- if you don’t know who wrote it or how current the information is- how do you know the information is correct' Electronic sources Document on the World Wide Web (dated and author or sponsor given) (Example taken from Faculty Business & Informatics, 2006) In-text referencing Brown (1994) noted that … OR Referencing electronic sources needs further attention (Brown 1994). The idea was highlighted by the Queensland Pineapple Growers Corporation (1998). A website must be referenced like any other source, using author and publication year. Remember all websites have authors; the author simply may not be a person. It could be an organization, a government, a government department, etc. Include quotation marks and page number if a direct quote. Refer to the relevant ‘print page’. Model to follow in the reference list Brown, H 1994, Citing computer references, viewed 3 April 1995, http://neal.ctstateu.edu/history/cite.html. Queensland Pineapple Growers Corporation 1998, ‘Growing pineapples’, Gardenbed special, viewed 4 December 1999, http://www.gardenbed.com/plant/gbd_p_apl1.cfm. Author’s family name, author’s initial, Year of publication, Website Title, date viewed, URL (web address). Name of organization, Year of publication, ‘Article Title’ Website Title, date viewed, URL (web address). Example 11.0 LSU EXPLANATION 11.0 Document on the WWW (author/sponsor given but not dated) Example 12.0 LSU EXPLANATION 12.0 According to Greenpeace (n.d), genetically modified foods are… Or Greenpeace (n.d, p.1 of 2) recommends that fewer genetically…’. In-text references should be as per example 2-70. ‘n.d.’ should be used in place of the publication year. Include quotation marks and page number if a direct quote. Greenpeace n.d., The Future is GE free, viewed 28 September 2005, http://www.greenpeace.org.au/ge/farming/canola.html Note: the title of a web page is treated like the title of a book. It is written in italics in the reference list. Name of organization/author, n.d., Website Title, date viewed, URL (web address). AIC LSU Student Resources: Harvard Referencing th Last Updated: 26 February, 2008 Last printed 3/11/2008 9:52 AM This document is uncontrolled when printed Page 14 of 20 Document on the WWW (no author/sponsor) Example 13.0 LSU EXPLANATION 13.0 As stated in ‘Harvard style’ (2003)… ‘Harvard Style’ 2003, Citing or referencing electronic sources of information, viewed 3 June 2003, Note: Always check the validity of a site that http://www.unisanet.unisa.edu.au/learningconnections/students/Lguides/ harvard-referencing.pdf has no author or sponsor. The use of such sites is discouraged. Note: Sometimes, there may be an editor’s name given on the page – reference this like you would an edited work. Use the article title in place of the author, followed by the year of publication. Include quotation marks and page number if a direct quote. ‘Title of article’, year of publication, Website title, date viewed, URL (web address) Newspaper article with an author (online newspaper) Example 14.0 LSU EXPLANATION 14.0 Newspaper article with no author (online newspaper) The economic agenda…(Kelly 2007). or ‘It demands a huge financial…’ (Kelly 2007, p.1 of 2). In-text, simply use the Author’s family name and the year of publication as you would for a book. Include quotation marks and page number if a direct quote In the Advertiser (30 September 2005, p.21)… Note: Always check the validity of a site that has no author or sponsor. The use of such sites is discouraged. In-text, use the name of the newspaper and the specific date of publication. Include quotation marks and page number if a direct quote. Recruitment of nursing staff is the main… (Queensland Health 2007) Or ‘Queensland Health’s strong commitment…’ (Queensland Health 2007, p.7 of 18). In-text, simply use the name of the author (family name or group/committee name) and the year of publication as you would for a book. Include quotation marks and page number if a direct quote. Kelly, P 2007, ‘If government changes so does the nation’, Australian, 21 November, p.1 of 2, viewed 21 November 2007, http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,227934297583,00.html Author’s family name, author’s initial, year ‘Article title’, name of newspaper, specific publication date, view date, URL. Example 15.0 LSU EXPLANATION 15.0 Advertiser 2005, ‘23m won but no prize claimed’. 30 September, p.21, viewed 30 September 2007. http://www.theadvertiser.news.com.au/sectionindex1/0.5934.national%20news% ENATIONAL%5ETEXT %5Etheadvertiser.00html Name of newspaper, ‘Title’, Specific date of publication, view date, URL Government report Example 16.0 LSU EXPLANATION 16.0 Queensland Health 2007, Annual report 2006-2007, viewed 12 November 2007, http://www.health.qld.gov.au/publications/corporate/annual_reports/annualrepo rt2007/default.asp Name of person/group responsible for the report, Year of publication, Title of report, version, date viewed, URL (web address). AIC LSU Student Resources: Harvard Referencing th Last Updated: 26 February, 2008 Last printed 3/11/2008 9:52 AM This document is uncontrolled when printed Page 15 of 20 Encyclopaedia entry on CD-ROM (with an author) (Example taken from Faculty Business & Informatics, 2006) Harrison suggests that (1996), … Harrison, A 1996, ‘Global warming’, Microsoft Encarta 96 Encyclopaedia, (CD-ROM). NOTE: Treat sections within the CD-ROM like chapters in a book. Example 17.0 LSU EXPLANATION 17.0 In-text, simply use the family name of the specific author and the year of publication as you would for a book. Include quotation marks and page number if a direct quote. Author’s family name, author’s initial, year ‘section title’, Title of CD, (CD-ROM). Journal article from a database Recommendations on how to identify symmetry when it is embedded in poetry…(Sutton-Spence & Kaneko 2007) Or Sutton-Spence, R & Kaneko, M 2007, ‘Symmetry in sign language poetry’, Sign Language Studies, vol. 7, no. 3, pp 284-318, (online ProQuest). Example 18.0 LSU EXPLANATION 18.0 This includes articles from databases such as ‘ProQuest, Emerald, Infotrac, WebSPIRS etc) Surron-Spence & Kaneko (2007, p.285) recommended that ‘…’. In-text, simply use the family name(s) of the author(s) and the year of publication as you would for a book. Include quotation marks and page number if a direct quote. Author’s family name, author’s initial, year ‘Article title’, Name of Journal, volume number, issue number, page range (‘online’ name of database) Note: volume, issue number and the page references from the journal are usually printed at the top of the article, above the abstract. MODELS OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT QUOTING CAN BE FOUND ON PAGE 17 OF THIS GUIDE. EE LSU STAFF FOR FURTHER ASSISTANCE. For further examples of how to reference sources such as Personal Communications, TV/Radio News Broadcasts, Movies, Brochures and Company Annual Reports, please see the Harvard (author-date) Referencing guide as published by Academic Learning Support, Division of Teaching and Learning Services (2008). AIC LSU Student Resources: Harvard Referencing th Last Updated: 26 February, 2008 Last printed 3/11/2008 9:52 AM This document is uncontrolled when printed Page 16 of 20 SAMPLES- DIRECT AND INDIRECT QUOTING ORIGINAL TEXT: The following is an example of an original text from: Cascio, W.F. 1998, Managing human resources: productivity, quality of work life, profits, 5th edn, Irwin McGraw Hill, Sydney. …the responsibility for strategic planning needs to involve a wide range of people, from line managers to customers to suppliers. Top managers must listen and be prepared to shift plans in mid-stream, if conditions demand such a response. DIRECT QUOTE When quoting directly you must include single quotation marks, and in brackets the author’s family name, year of publication and the page number. According to Cascio (1998, p. 146) ‘…the responsibility for strategic planning needs to involve a wide range of people, from line managers to customers to suppliers. Top managers must listen and be prepared to shift plans in mid-stream, if conditions demand such a response.’ INDIRECT QUOTE (PARAPHRASING) When summarising or paraphrasing information it is important to reference the material as an indirect quote. This requires only the author’s family name and year of publication. It is argued by Cascio (1998) that strategic planning cannot be an isolated activity, rather that it requires input from various internal and external stakeholders and flexibility from senior management to allow it to adapt to change. For more examples of paraphrasing and summarising, please see your LSU advisor. AIC LSU Student Resources: Harvard Referencing th Last Updated: 26 February, 2008 Last printed 3/11/2008 9:52 AM This document is uncontrolled when printed Page 17 of 20 SAMPLE REFERENCE LIST • PLEASE NOTE Family name must be written in full and initials used to represent given names. (In western culture given names are usually placed in front of the family name. If the family name has been placed first it will be indicated by a comma directly after it.) • • Arrange list in alphabetical order according to family name or organisation name. DO NOT use numbering or bullet points and be sure to leave a space between each source. The following is an example of how a reference list is arranged. It includes various commonly used resources. References Australian Bureau of Statistics 1998, 4442.0 One in four children do not live with both natural parents, viewed 25 July 2002, http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/e5cb0b45f4547cc4ca25697500217f47/28f203d3e10ef834ca2568 a90013628c!OpenDocument. Beauchamp, T, Faden, R, Wallace, J & Walters, L 1982, Ethical issues in social science research, John Hopkins Press, Baltimore. Brown, H 1994, Citing computer references, viewed 3 April 1995, http://neal.ctstateu.edu/history/cite.html. Carter, A 1999, Issues in Australian education, Cherokee Publications, Brisbane. Carter, T 1999, Creativity in the classroom, Watkins and O’Hara Publishers, Darwin. Foddy, W 1993, Constructing questions for interviews and questionnaires: theory and practice in social research, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Greenland, H 1995, ‘On the road to prejudice’, Australian Magazine, pp. 22-27 in 53287 Working with communities Book 2, 1999, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton. Litster, J 2001, TOUR19016: Thematic tourism: Study Guide, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton. Queensland Pineapple Growers Corporation 1998, ‘Growing pineapples’, Gardenbed special, viewed 4 December 1999, http://www.gardenbed.com/plant/gbd_p_apl1.cfm. Rural Social and Economic Research Centre 1995, Student experience of distance education at Central Queensland University, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton. Shama, A 2001, ‘Private sector management: the case of Russia’, Journal of Small Business Management, vol. 39, no. 32, pp. 183–192, (online ProQuest). Sheridan, G 1985, ‘The lies they tell our children’, Weekend Australian, 2 February, p. 6 AIC LSU Student Resources: Harvard Referencing th Last Updated: 26 February, 2008 Last printed 3/11/2008 9:52 AM This document is uncontrolled when printed Page 18 of 20 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN USING THE HARVARD (AUTHORDATE) SYSTEM AND FOOTNOTES NB: The footnoting system should only be used in assignments for Law courses HARVARD (AUTHOR-DATE) SYSTEM SAMPLE- IN-TEXT REFERENCE When reading your assessment tasks, you will find that the marking criteria (in your course profile) will cover points such as research, critical analysis and referencing. These terms may be quite new to you but they are extremely important. The Australian academic system is based on the idea of ‘critical’ research. While some cultures FOOTNOTING SYSTEM SAMPLE FOOTNOTE When reading your assessment tasks, you will find that the marking criteria (in your course profile) will cover points such as research, critical analysis and referencing. These terms may be quite new to you but they are extremely important. The Australian academic system is based on the idea of ‘critical’ research. While some cultures place a strong emphasis on memory in Australia, there is a stronger focus on questioning (De Fazio 1999). Your assessment tasks will often ask you to answer/consider a series of questions about one or more topics. To answer these questions requires you to consider and discuss ideas from different sources so you can then draw your own conclusions. place a strong emphasis on memory in Australia, there is a stronger focus on questioning. 1 Your assessment tasks will often ask you to answer/consider a series of questions about one or more topics. To answer these questions requires you to consider and discuss ideas from different sources so you can then draw your own conclusions. 1. Insert Author’s family name only along with the year of publication. NOTE: Be sure to also include a page reference if quoting directly Teresa De Fazio, Studying in Australia- A Guide for International Students (1999) 40. Insert a footnote number in-text, then add the detailed citation (footnote) at the bottom of the page. SAMPLE- FULL CITATION IN REFERENCE LIST (Author-Date system) SAMPLE- FULL CITATION IN REFERENCE LIST (Legal Citation) Reference List Bibliography De Fazio, T 1999, Studying in Australia- A Guide for International Students, Allen & Unwin, St Leonards De Fazio, Teresa, Studying in Australia- A Guide for International Students (1999) Family name, First Initial, Year of publication, Title, Publisher, City of Publication. (use only for book) AIC LSU Student Resources: Harvard Referencing th Last Updated: 26 February, 2008 Last printed 3/11/2008 9:52 AM Family name, First Name, Title, Year of publication. (use only for book) This document is uncontrolled when printed Page 19 of 20 BIBLIOGRAPHY Academic Learning Support, Division of Teaching and Learning Services CQU Rockhampton 2008, Harvard (author-date) Referencing guide, viewed 21st February 2008, http://facultysite.cqu.edu.au/FCWViewer/getFile.do'id=5763 Cascio, W.F. 1998, Managing Human Resources: Productivity, Quality of Work Life, Profits, 5th edn, Irwin McGraw Hill, Sydney. Central Queensland University, Faculty of Business & Informatics 2006, Guide for students, 6th edn, viewed 22nd June 2006, http://bus.cqu.edu.au/CStudent/Guide/default.htm Commonwealth of Australia 2002, Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, rev by Snooks & Co., John Wiley & Sons Australia, Brisbane Melbourne University Law Review Association Inc, 2002, Australian Guide to Legal Citation 2nd edn, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne. Queensland University of Technology 1995, The written assignment, Brisbane. Referencing: the author-date system (also known as the Harvard referencing system) 1996, Student Learning Support Group and Text and Editorial services, Flexible Learning Centre, University of South Australia, Underdale. AIC LSU Student Resources: Harvard Referencing th Last Updated: 26 February, 2008 Last printed 3/11/2008 9:52 AM This document is uncontrolled when printed Page 20 of 20