9_11_Effects_On_Economy

9/11 Effects On Economy I - FRAMING TERRORISM AS A COMMON AND CURRENT THREAT TO EU MEMBER STATES Since the end of the Cold War, Europe has gradually evolved towards a broad notion of security, which tends to conflate several notions into a security continuum, ranging from illegal immigration to organised crime and international terrorism (Makarenko, 2002: 1) 2 . This amalgamation discourse (Bigo and Leveau, 1992) is however not self-evident when reviewing the particular national concerns with terrorism. Despite ample evidence that terrorist groups are increasingly operating on a transnational basis, national secret services have traditionally tended to focus their intelligence-gathering operations on domestically active organisations. Indeed, the EU TE-SAT 3 report on terrorist activity in the European Union 4 reports that domestic (as opposed to international) terrorism continues in certain EU countries. In France and Spain, ETA continued its terrorist activity, and numerous attacks were carried out in Spain. The operational capability of ETA is apparently maintained despite extensive law enforcement cooperation between French and Spanish authorities. Also in Spain, the Spanish left-wing group Revolutionary Armed Groups First of October (GRAPO) carried out armed robberies, but it suffered a serious setback when its management structure was dismantled in coordinated French-Spanish operations. In Northern Ireland and the British mainland, security, european, policy, terrorism, justice, eu, tasks, pp, policing, 2002, threat, rights, governance, 2003, union, should, law, walker, van, europe, treaty, states, political, page, military, legislative, international, individual, forces, criminal, counter-terrorism, between, been, amsterdam, 2001