On paradoxes and the Cartesian mind

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A. Descartes’ “demon” and the “cogito”.

The Descartes’ meditation is to prove the existence of the god. In order to prove the existence of the god, Descartes doubts are from over everything to found the existence of "self", according to the "what was in it" this principle by the "I" play with god exists, almighty god to ensure that the existence of objective material. He believes that once you find a little factor which is doubtful, you should give up all of it.

Through the above argument, Descartes derived a general suspicion from the doubt of the belief in the individual senses. But what are the things that Descartes would question? Is it something outside of what we feel or our own ideas? He did not distinguish between what was in his heart and what was objective and real. The things or people's cognition in the heart may be wrong and illusory, but the objective existence of the external world as the cause or object of people's cognition is the basis and guarantee for us to know the truth. In fact, what Descartes had to doubt was only his own feelings or ideas.

Demon is used in his principles to prove his doubts. It used to prove that Many beliefs from perceptual perception are unreliable.

Descartes posits that the devil (who is as powerful as god) deceives us. he writes his principles in the first person because Descartes'  doubts only were about his own feelings or ideas.

In the Second of his Meditations Descartes spells out his famous principle called the “cogito”: “I think, therefore I am”

Descartes' proof goes like this:

1) Making sure there is something in your mind that you call me.

2) Investigating what is in this "I" and find that there is an idea of an "infinite being", or "god".

3) The concept of god includes infinity, that is, absolute perfection, while "I" is clearly limited and imperfect.

4) Infinite things cannot be produced by finite things, so the source of this idea cannot be me.

5) What produces ideas must have a greater reality than ideas themselves.

6) What is more real than the idea of infinity? It can only be an infinite being.

7) Therefore, the concept of god can only be created by a realistic god.

This proves that god exists. He thinks "I" is something that exist in thinking, something that is independent of the body. At the same time, Descartes proves the existence of god on this basis. We all have the concept of perfect entities, he argues, and these concepts cannot come from imperfect entities. Therefore, there must be a perfect entity, that is, god exists. Descartes believed that the real world existed. The spiritual world and the material world are two different entities in the universe, both from god (Melehy, 1997).

Descartes also said in his methodology that there are many things around us that we naturally don't even think of as true and true. But if you look closely at these problems, and you look at the root of the problem, and you look at the root of the problem, most of the common sense that we know, and not much of it actually holds up. So Descartes himself was always picking bits and pieces of information that he knew, leaving only what was certain.I think, therefore I am ", he would like to refer to people what is from the fundamental up to prove, because we don't know how the brain works, so back to the origin, to prove that only because we are thinking about, so we exist, to this point.

In fact, the cogito is formulated in the first person to make the prove reliable. Here, the using of the word “I” is more about the spirit in one’s mind. This is also a characteristic of metaphysics.

B. The “cogito” as pragmatic paradox.

On Sorensen’s analysis (pp. 168-171), comparing Descartes’ formulation with Augustine’s much-earlier formulation: the cogito presents a pragmatic tautology.

I surely believe this analysis. Augustine asserts that in a world I doubt, there is at least one thing I cannot doubt -- that is, I doubt. In fact, the more I doubt it, the more I prove it. If that happens, a doubter must exist (Almog, 2008). Here augustine derives his existence from thought, opening the way to subjective idealism, which greatly influenced the later French philosopher Descartes. In addition to being influenced by augustine, Descartes suggested that "I think therefore I am" was more influenced by montaigne. Although they all suggest that "I think existence" has its superficial similarity, they point in different directions.Augustine argues that god exists by pointing to "I doubt my existence". Descartes, on the contrary, "I think therefore I am" is to break through the veil of scholasticism under the cloak of religion and establish the subjective existence of man. Although Descartes’ some thinking is based on the Augustine, they have the difference in nature. Thus, the cogito presents a pragmatic tautology (John, 1936).

Cogito is the core of Descartes epistemology and the most important argument in his philosophy. This famous saying, the common people will understand literally, because "I think" so "I exist". However, Descartes made this famous argument not to seek "my existence" through "I think", but to expand human knowledge and build a reliable knowledge system. For it is not enough to know external things only by the senses, but by the mind and the mind. If he change the word “I” into his name Descartes, the principles of him will lack of universality.

C. The “cogito” and time.

Sorensen observes that Augustine, given his early formulation of the cogito, concludes that time is subjective. Descartes might disagree with this Augustinian view of time. We have to look to science for evidence, and if we look elsewhere for evidence, then we have reason to doubt everything, especially material things. Time cannot change by human’s thinking. So it is not subjective.

If there is a demon, it can confuse me and make me wrong. Maybe the devil lives in a real world without trees, stones, rain, everything. So the demon also can exist in time. And if no god or devil had put these things in my mind, could I not have imagined all these things of the world? I doubt it all true, I can doubt cloud and mist, books, paper, ink, all this is false, but I must not suspect there is a "me", I must be in a real. If I was a god or demon deception, puzzled by infusion, is placed on something in my mind, I have a ontology must be somewhere in truth, whatever the form, I was there. So he can doubt the correction of the time and the demon in time (Sarkar, 2003).

Descartes says: "the book of the knowledge, at least the only probable reason and learning without any proof, since it is made up of many different people gradually accumulate and form opinions, they are close to the truth, would not a man with a conscience to the things which had happened to those it is natural to make a simple reasoning."

For this reason, a computer that mimics brain activity is thinking can not represent the truth. Thus it cannot be same as the what’s happening in one’s brain. In fact, “I think” and “I am” has the certain relationship. "I think" the "I" is not in my body, but thought that includes, will, emotion, imagination, and people can directly aware of any spiritual energy, refers to the main body of a thought. "Strictly speaking, I'm just a thought," he explained. "that is, I'm just a mind, a reason or a reason." When my body is incomplete, I can still think, so my mind, soul and body are completely different and separate. In "I think" I am beyond form, because I can do something without form, but not without thought. Thought is an essential attribute of "I". Once I stop thinking, I will not exist."I think therefore I am" is based on rational philosophy meaning, he thought the reason itself contains the meaning of self-criticism and self-reflection, it is built on the basis of self-awareness, therefore must always be self evident sexual critical scrutiny (Watson, 2002).

What is the point of Descartes' "I think, therefore I exist"? The so-called "I exist" is relative to our understanding of things. Descartes once examined all knowledge, and there is one thing in common, which is uncertainty. Therefore, Descartes believed that only "I who know things" was certain.Descartes believed that "I who know things" is not "I who know things", but "I who think", who live in the body. This "will thought I" know not from philosophical speculations, nor from a kind of mood, but due to personal feelings, there is no the feeling of people cannot understand, as Descartes said "as want to use their eyes to listen to the sound and smell". But there are few people who feel this firsthand.

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