Power and Language in Politics and the English Language and Heart of Darkness

51Due教员组今天给各位留学生带来一篇纯原创代写政治范文，本文将分析权力与语言的关系和交叉点。奥威尔和康拉德等不同的作家将他们的观点结合在一起，认为语言在不同社会的政治局势和权力体系中起着主导或施加不同影响的作用。

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Power and Language in Politics and the English Language and Heart of Darkness

Introduction

In this paper, the essay will analyze the relationship and intersections between power and language. Different writers such as Orwell and Conrad have combined their ideas together towards the role of language in leading or exerting different influences on the political situation and power system in different societies. Specifically speaking, Orwell believed that the use of English should be regulated and standardized to exert positive influences on guiding current politics and social affairs. Differently, Conrad believes that the language has been viewed as a kind of tool for governance and regulation. This paper will make analysis of the inter-related links between power and language in the works of Politics and the English Language and Heart of Darkness.


Power and the English

In all kinds of ideologies, the language including speech or words are slow to make any changes and these changes on some level are also developing along with the politics or updating of the power system. In different kinds of English, the American version counts as a very important one and the writer Orwell has developed very special and insightful ideas towards the use of English and its relationship with the power system. It is fair to say Orwell tended to be conservative in viewing the use of English and he thought that there were many problems when using English and some American style English may lead to the great loss of original English (Freedman, Carl 1981). In the view of Orwell, he believed that people as well as the government should be doubtful towards the use of American English and people shouldn’t use the American style as the current language structure of English.

To a deeper sense, Orwell believed that the language abuse can be attributed to the political and economic reasons; conversely, the results can also become the original reasons which lead to worse results. The problem of use of English may undermine people’s logical thinking and mindsets to produce stupid thoughts in the end. The simple language can also be decorated to an unfathomable one, which also leads to the faked justice or scientific ideas for politics. Therefore, many real problems have been concealed due to different use of language. Orwell connected this kind of language use problems with the current political situation such as political speech or campaign (Trail, George 1995). This turgid style is like the use of euphemism, which connects the relationship between power and language. At present, many problems may be irrelevant to politics which is further related to many lies. This in return also ruins the use of English in the end. Since the changes in politics and also in use of language, people’s ideologies also change accordingly. For instance, when people are expressing their ideas, they become more hesitated without any frank attitudes and ideas.

Specifically speaking, Orwell has made a list of the problems of language abuse in English writing; these problems may include rigid use of metaphor and symbolism, cobbling different irrelevant parts into a whole passage, bad use of figure of speech, and improper use of word of choice. All these kinds of problems of English use still exist in today’s English writing. Orwell believed that these problems can be cured by some specific rules and regulations. Therefore, starting from the angle of language, the efforts and self-consciousness can help to promote the changes of language style and basis. Orwell was also in favor that language can exert great influences on the changes of social agenda of social affairs (Vogt, Leonard 1978). Orwell was confirmed to the change of English and social affairs. Therefore, his expectations to the use of English also reveal his view towards to the changing status of current society. As a result, the use of English can be more vivid and creative. In order to correctly and properly express the facts and people’s frank ideas, language should be changed with the social status and changes of power system so as to better serve for the literature development and formulation of new power system.

Heart of Darkness

Conrad’s Heart of Darkness make him in the list of the best novelists of English or any other kinds of language. In the novel, the writer discussed the relationship between politics and language to reveal the ideology of colonialism and cultural hegemony through the methods of aphasia, projection and default to construct the concept of “the other”. In the meantime, due to lack of cultural identity, the work also reveals the cultural diversity and different experiences in the cross-cultural environments (Straus, Nina Pelikan, 1987). Specifically speaking, the work has become a masterpiece with the spotlight focusing on revealing the facts of western colonization expansion as well as their harm to the third world for their wounds and tragic sufferings. Meanwhile, this is also the revelation and projection of the writer himself to a large extent.

Due to the cultural diversity and multiple experiences of Conrad, he gained a more complex and better understanding on the cultural value structure and tendencies in different cross cultural atmosphere. In the novel, different language and literature devices are flexibly used in the novel to display the noticeable modernized features and the psychological status of the colonizers in the 20th century. In the novel, the writer started as a narrator in his recalling memory. His narration can be penetrated from the past to the readers and also himself. In this way, the novel can enable the readers share all kinds of his feelings or emotions. The changes of this kind of narration angle also started a new kind of narration model which replaced the traditional lineal narration method. Furthermore, there are many figures of speeches including metaphor or symbolism which are used in this novel, enhancing the readability of the novel. It also gives multiple meanings for the dark heart: it first can refer to black Africa continent and also refer to the darkness of the colonizers. Various kinds of figure devices used in the work enriched the connotation of the novel and also embody a deeper meaning of the novel, which will not easily fade out in the history.

In the work of Heart of Darkness, Conrad use the speech of narrator to put the symbols of Africa into several words such as barbarous, primitive, bugger or savageness to express the writer’s direction of ideology and put the concept of “the other” for Africans. Use different figure of speech and language devices, these word strategies can be used to train or reconstruct the power implementation system to formulate the so-called micro power system. This kind of regulation and micro-system to train the mindsets of Africans for the colonizers. Therefore, the symbols and metaphors used in the novel also show the uncertainty and sense of fear for the so-called training process. This is also the revelation of the spirit of fighting against to the colonization so as to present the part of self-oppression and the process of self-identity formulation for Africans (Hawkins, Hunt, 1979). From another perspective, the narration of Conrad also become the projections for the imperialism and the representation of desire of Africans and the relevant imagination. This highlights the unique African culture, which first denied the existence of self-concept; with the further step of self-denial, the imperial speech and word system becomes the ruling class again, which gradually replace the cognition for the original concepts towards history, culture, value and religion for the Africans.

As time goes by, the concept and original knowledge of Africa may be finally wiped out from the cognition and ideas of Africans. The original history become blank and the Europeans regain the cultural hegemony and right of speech to create “the other” side for the Africans. From now on, the cultural diversity of Africans may be forgotten or eradicated step by step. Finally, Africans may have the danger of becoming the strangers and community of aphasia or default (Achebe, Chinua. 2016). These are the methods for western countries to expand their power system and also implement their ideologies in African countries or communities. In this way, language and other literature devices are tools to convey the ideas and transfer the cultural diversity to “the other” so as to reconstruct the power system and the corresponding language and speech system.

Conclusion

To sum up, both Orwell and Conrad have discussed the inter-related links between different parts of power and language. They view language as an influential tool which can be used to guide and exert influences on social atmosphere and governing ability of the society. According to the different cultural backgrounds and personal situations, they also developed different kinds of connotations of language. Conrad integrated the backgrounds and sufferings of Africans as “the other” in American society to highlight the sufferings of Africans. Differently, Orwell suggested that current use of English should be standardized to resolve the problems concealed in the society.

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