The relationship between religious rulers and secular rulers

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Rose Christian monks advocated a pious monastic life. Monastic life originated in Egypt, and the monastic system was more perfect after it was introduced into Byzantium. Grand duke yaroslavl founded the first monastery of Ross, and the monastic system was subsequently perfected, leading to the coexistence of seclusion and collective living. Due to the support of the princes and nobles for religion, monasteries were located in or near cities, with strong economic strength and important political status. Depending on the development of monasteries, the power of monks gradually developed and grew, from which the alliance of religious and secular feudal lords was formed.

Orthodox church is the state religion of Ross, and monasteries are an important part of the Ross orthodox church. Monasteries, as places for religious monks to engage in religious activities and life, have attracted much academic attention. Russian scholar И К. Morici's book "the Russian monk: 988-1917" comprehensive, in-depth studies the emergence, development and decline of Russian monks, especially with the emergence of a large number of hagiography illustrates the Abbey and the initial prosperity, and 12-13 century, monks, and the problem of religious cultural activities to the monks, the monastery's history of Russia and Russian national history, the Russian church history closely linked together.

Н В. Sidney qin na editor on the Russian monks and monasteries 11-20 century"

Features about 11 - during the period of the 20th century Russian monks and monasteries of important events, such as Я. Н. Harper's "11-13 century Ross monks"

This paper expounds the origin and early development of rose monks. He relied on hagiography and other primitive sources to explain the monks' monastic principles and daily life. Chinese scholars have also produced relevant results in their research on Christian monks and monasteries in the middle ages. Zhang guangxiang's article "the cultural function of Russian monasteries" and his article "orthodox nuns in Russian history"

Medieval monasteries and Russian culture

It focuses on the cultural functions of Russian monasteries and the development of the convent, but does not discuss the origin and development of the convent of Ross. In addition, in the history of the Byzantine empire, ck tan devoted a chapter to the discussion of orthodox monks and monasteries.

Wu shuping's paper on the development of orthodox ascetic monasticism in Byzantine period discusses the ascetic monasticism in Byzantium.

In order to fight against worldly desires and SINS, the early christians took only the necessary clothes and food, and went to a lonely place to live in seclusion, communicating with god in daily prayer and meditation. Christians who live a simple and ascetic life alone are called monks. The word comes from the Greek word meaning "single, solitary, one" and is extended to a person who sticks to a solitary, worldly way of life, dedicating himself to prayer and devotion to god. The doctrine of monastic life derives from the teachings of Christianity

Matthew says, "if you want to be perfect, sell your possessions and give to the poor. Then you will have treasure in heaven." New world version of the bible, revised 1984, p. 1230. And the ascetic tradition of ancient Greece.

Monastic life first appeared in Egypt in the third century AD. The form of Egyptian monasticism can be divided into two types: solitary hermitry and collective practice. The leaders are saint Antony and saint pacomius. Saint Antoine was born into a noble family. He voluntarily gave up his superior family life to practice in the lonely desert of bisbier. He set a precedent of reclusive monasticism and was known as the "father of reclusive monasticism". Saint pacomius was the founder of the collective way of monasticism. He had experienced the hermit life and deeply felt that there were many potential dangers for monks to practice alone, which was not conducive to spiritual cultivation. He advocated organizing monks and establishing monasteries. In monasteries, monks perform specific tasks or physical labor within their capacity, pray regularly, dress simply and uniformly, and live in their own Chambers.

Byzantine monastic life centered in Asia minor, Macedonia and Constantinople, and vasily was the initiator and organizer of monastic life. During 355-358, he traveled to Egypt, Palestine and Syria and visited the papomius monastery in Egypt. He was impressed by the good order and strict management of the monastery. He believed that group monasticism was the best way, and that organized monasticism consisted of strict observance of times of prayer, manual labor, meals, and rest, and emphasized obedience to the abbot, which was regarded as the highest virtue of the monks. He brought this monastic way of life, which emphasized order and obedience, back to Asia minor. Thus, vassili was called the maker of the complete monastic system. The first monastery appeared in Constantinople in the late 4th century. By the middle of the 6th century, there were 70 monasteries in and around Constantinople.

Cunningham, Mary. Faith in Byzantium. Trans. Li zhiyu. Peking University press, 2005. Pp. 71. During the reign of Byzantine emperor Justinian I, vassily established the monastic system in the form of legislation. The content of the legislation includes: affirming the cause that monks engage in, that is, "monks engage in the monastic life of devotion and penance is a holy cause, which communicates with the soul of god and serves not only monastic people, but also all people"; To determine the management of the abbot, "the abbot elected by the monks shall administer the affairs of the monastery, and the abbot shall be supervised by a group of senior monks", "the abbot must obey the management of the abbot and observe the discipline of the monastery"; To determine the selection procedure for monks, "during the first 3 years of the preparatory period, monks can only wear ordinary clothes and have free disposal of their personal belongings. Upon completion of the preparatory period, they can be qualified as monks and prove that they are not slaves, but their belongings must be handed over to the monastery". Later, Theodore, abbot of the monastery of stios in Constantinople, revised and improved the monastic system. He emphasized the absolute obedience of monks and advocated the importance of moderate asceticism and manual labor.

Ross's monastic life was heavily influenced by Byzantine factors. In the 8th century, monks began to appear in Ross. The biography of saint stepan, the archbishop of suroges, notes that many Christian monks came from Byzantium to places like the south of Ross, the Crimean peninsula.

Since then, the number of monks on the peninsula has increased rapidly. Archaeological excavations found monastic ruins in the upper reaches of the don in the 8th and 9th centuries. After that, Christianity spread northwest of Ross to Kiev. In the second half of the 10th century, during the period of sveya-storav, the Russ state was initially formed and the court was christianized.

Before the baptism of the rose, some christians had been living a pious monastic life in Kiev. They had their own church, the church of st. Elijah, which was confirmed by the treaty signed between Kiev and Byzantium in 944-945.

Loughlin ji, records of past years, commercial press, 2011, p. 42. These christians were the executors of the ancient ascetic life and laid the foundation for the birth of the rosian monks. In 988, grand duke vladimir converted to Christianity in order to marry Byzantine princess Anna and forced the people of Kiev to be baptized on the Dnieper river, known as the "baptism of the rose".

Academic circles have different opinions on the time and place of rose's baptism. About the time of baptism, there are 987, 988 and 989 and so on. Soviet historian myne gikhormirov dates the establishment of Christianity in Russia to 989, while rapov dates it to 990-991. Scholars differ on the location of the baptism, from herzon to Kiev. Baptism is the initiation of Christianity, and "rose baptism" became the beginning of the acceptance of Christianity in the country of rose. After that, Christianity became the state religion of rose. Grand duke vladimir quickly spread Christianity throughout the country, establishing a metropolitan diocese in Kiev. The metropolitan archdiocese was then the supreme church of the rossi, which administered religious affairs in and around Kiev, the capital. Local religious affairs are administered by the diocese under the metropolitan diocese. But in the time of vladimir the great prince rose did not establish a monastery,

In his treatises on Canon and grace, the bishop of Kiev, ilarion, argues that there were monasteries in Kiev during the vladimir era. But at that time the monks were living in the vicinity of the church, there was no monastic system, there was no requirement for shaving, but only collective prayer, so it could not be called a true monastery. The main reason was that rosian Christianity was not strong enough. First, Christianity faced a confrontation with polytheism. Grand duke vladimir promoted the idea that Christianity should fight against the primitive beliefs of the rossians, such as forcing the people of novgorod to be baptized by force, which was called the baptism with "sword and fire". Second, there was a serious shortage of Christian clergy in Ross. Since Christianity is a foreign religion, the earliest believers are mainly princes, nobles and personal soldiers. Christianity lacks public foundation, and fewer people are willing to give up secular life to practice. For this reason, grand duke vladimir ordered the children of nobles to go to school, systematically received religious education, and selected the excellent ones as priests. This was not only conducive to the cultivation of rose's religious power and selection of religious talents, but also strengthened the flesh-and-blood relationship between nobles and clergy, and provided a talent reserve for rose to establish a monastery.

With the deepening of the Christianization of Ross, the conditions for Ross to establish a monastery were ripe. During the reign of the wise grand duke yaroslavl, rose established a number of dioceses, such as the diocese of Kiev and the diocese of novgorod. At the same time, yaroslavl greatly strengthened the construction of churches and monasteries. In 1037, Sophia church was built in Kiev and a church was built in novgorod, symbolizing the religious equality between rose and Constantinople. According to the chronicle of previous years, "in 6545 yaroslavl laid the foundation for a great city... The monasteries of st. georgi and st. irina were built."

Ralph ranseason: the chronicle of previous years, p. 132. The maharaja is the patron of the monastery, and the monastery is named after the patron, saint georgi is the Christian name of yaroslavl, irina is the Christian name of the queen. These two monasteries were built near the court of the grand duke and received patronage from the maharaja, in effect becoming the religious institutions of the grand duke.

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