Can New York City Save Its Public Housing?

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Classical rhetoric think that the article convinces the audience through three appeals: rational appeal, namely Logos in Greek, moral appeal, namely ethos in Greek and emotional appeal, namely Pathos in Greek. From the classic rhetoric theory to today, the core has not changed much. There are three modes of persuasion commonly used in public speaking, which are Ethos, Pathos, and Logos(Charland, Huang, Li, & Li, 2017). In this article, it makes an analysis of the rhetorical appeals in the editorial “Can New York City Save Its Public Housing?” in terms of ethos, pathos, and logos.

There is a good use of ethos in the editorial. The moral appeal in rhetoric is a powerful way of appealing.  Logos is regarded as dominating skills and in the real situation of Aristotle's time based on Aristotle's Rhetoric(Braet, 1992, p.307).  According to Aristotle, there are three aspects of moral appeal: moral competence, expertise, and knowledge. In order to prove that he is an ethical and qualified person, the Editorial Board must find a way to convince the listener that he is a reasonable, kind, and capable subject. At first, the article published on the New York Times is a way for people to convey information and sense things in a timely manner. It can only carry news and have specific functional requirements. The purpose is to help the audience get closer to the truth and understand what is going on in India and women there. It is precisely based on this demand that the so-called 5 elements, namely who, when, where, what, and why, are summed up. In other words, the writers persuade the listener with a rhetorical device based on the reliability, and authority of their personality as the Editorial Board and the five basic elements of news. It can use news norms to convey information, and all the news facts need to be relatively complete. If the persuader does not receive the respect and trust of the audience, all attempts to persuade the audience with rhetorical devices are futile. To prove its expertise, there are a lot of description of past events of Mr. Modi in a detail manner, which shows that the Editorial Board has a good command of the activities of Mr. Modi. For example, the article recorded the reactions of Mr. Modi towards a rape accusation against a state lawmaker from the beginning to the remarks on Friday. In addition, events before the rape accusation against a state lawmaker was mentioned. They are protests in late 2012 and early 2013 after a young woman was raped and killed on a public bus in New Delhi. By citing those evidence and data, it proves the expertise of  the Editorial Board.  A writer must be a good person who has mastered speaking skills. This article emphasizes the importance of morality. It stressed that “The prime minister has a duty to safeguard and fight for all of the people of India, not just those who are allied with him politically”. The Editorial Board think that prime minister must be an ethical good person and a literate wise person to speak for the women who are harmed. Only in this way can there be a great politician. With such arguments, it must let the audience think that the Editorial Board has such a character. The author's ethos is then produced during the writing.  

The persuasion with the use of logos is quite effective as well. “Can New York City Save Its Public Housing?” is written about the disadvantaged position of  Indian women in the society as a result of the lack of attention of Politician such as Narendra Modi of India. But the Editorial Board cannot keep the original state of objective facts. It must organize it in a rational form, which makes it understandable by the readers and appeal to them then. Logic and rationality are highly stressed and this type of persuasive strategy is usually given priority(Edlund, 2013). Rational appeal refers to the evidence and contingent reasoning proofs included in the article itself, namely "logical proofs". Therefore, the rational appeal is not only the study of rational inference, but also the study of writing logic. There is a good use of logic by comparing between the frequent talk of Prime Minister Narendra Modi of India on Tweet with his silence on the sexual assault on women. For example it is written clearly that“Yet he loses his voice when it comes to speaking out about the dangers faced by women and minorities who are frequently targets of the nationalist and communal forces that are part of the base of his Bharatiya Janata Party.” It is difficult to infer that a politician Narendra Modi of India is most likely to possess two kinds of character, and this way of comparison of his two deeds makes audience believe that the ignorance of rape accusation against a state lawmaker indeed exists. When arranging facts, in the vast majority of the article, it is consistent with the requirements of the audience including legal, moral, etc.  Then, it is understandable why there are so many angers and protests against the attitude of Narendra Modi of India . In addition, the structure of the essay also follows a rational and logical arrangement. In the beginning of the article, the Editorial Board gives a brief account of the different attitudes and behavior in terms the dangers faced by women and minorities and his profile on the tweet. Then, the main body of the article is about the reaction of the general public against such attitudes and behaviors, and how Narendra Modi of India deal with it. At last, the Editorial Board summarizes the whole event and proposed some suggestions on what Narendra Modi of India is supposed to do in the future. Since the foothold and the angle are different, there will be different degree of objectiveness. Similarly,  the Editorial Board often intervene late in the news. As a latecomer and observer of the news, it demand that journalists immediately jump out of the whole events and examine and report the news with a super-but absolute objective attitude. In terms of credibility, from the beginning of the article, the Editorial Board defined himself as a commentator on this incident. This greatly widens the distance with the audience. Also, different links the to past reports on the discrimination facing the Indian women are provided. By this, the objective nature of it is stressed.

By pointing out and stressing the indifference of Narendra Modi of India towards dangers faced by women and minorities, it appeals to the emotion of the readers. Aristotle argues that emotions such as anger, pity, fear, and their opposites, powerfully influence rational judgments(Edlund, 2013). Indian women are in a disadvantaged position in the society. This kind of disadvantaged status originates from religion, history and traditional culture. However, their situation is not changed a lot today. Even if the government and the elite are not struggling to adjust today, the woman as a whole is still in poor condition. Throughout the article, the content of it was directed against the interests of most ordinary women and the minority in India. It closely focused on the topic of non-performance and lack of interests of the Prime Minister. While attacking Prime Minister Narendra Modi of India, it continued to adhere to the unwavering attention to women's weak position and persisted in revealing the silence of the politician on this issue. Therefore, the ignorance of the Prime Minister Narendra Modi of India is highlighted. This can make the readers pay more attention to the behaviors of Prime Minister.  Also, by explaining the vision for the future of the Indian Prime Minister, it shows the great concern of the Editorial Board over the fate of women in the developing country. This shows that the India is definitely an unbalanced society. There is no conscience of Indian Prime Minister on women's issues. Thus the bottom line is extremely low, and the criminal rate against women remains high, and most men have a serious tendency toward machismo. In many traditional men's and politicians’ minds, men are in a higher position. Young feminists, however, encounter pressure from religion, opinion, and men in many aspects of their society. Their claims are often ineffective. Then, it is easy for it to receive strong support from readers in emotions.

The Editorial Board of this “Can New York City Save Its Public Housing?” is a master who uses rhetoric to persuade based on the analysis of ethos, pathos, and logos. The Editorial Board believes that the leader of the India must be a good speaker who can speak and talk for the women in India, and proves its expertise which enables it to have an effective use of ethos. Also, there is a logical arrangement of the materials, and stress of the indifference of the politician, which achieved good effects of logos and pathos.  At least from a rhetorical point of view, this article can be considered as a classical work for persuasion.

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