World Music Exploration

各位留学生大家好！今天100Due教员组给大家分享的是一篇音乐学essay代写范文，主要内容是讲：在这段视频中，2011年，两位印度音乐大师在浦那演奏了一首器乐二重奏。阿姆贾德·阿里·汗扮演萨罗德，扎基尔·侯赛因扮演塔布拉。萨罗德是一种印度弦乐器，有25根弦——4根演奏弦、3根无人机弦和18根共鸣弦（塔布）；Khan用右手用椰子壳制成的三角镐（java）拨弦，用拇指和食指夹住，用左手用指甲按压琴弦，发出严肃、沉重、回响和相对较深的振动声（与其他弦乐器相比）。塔布拉是一种印度打击乐器，由一对发出不同声音的手鼓组成，其中一个鼓的音调更高、声音更亮，而另一个鼓的声音更暗、音调更低、混响，方式与邦戈类似。sarod是声带，而table是膜声带。

a. Timbre

In this video, an instrumental duet is being played by 2 music masters of India in Pune in 2011. Amjad Ali Khan is playing the Sarod, and Zakir Hussain is playing the tabla. The sarod is a kind of Indian string instrument with 25 strings- 4 playing strings, 3 drone strings, and 18 sympathetic strings (tarbs); Khan is plucking the strings with the right hand using a triangular pick (java) made of coconut shell and holding it between his thumb and second finger, and using his left hand to press the strings with fingernails, making a serious, weighty, reverberant and relatively deep vibrating sound (compared to other string instruments). The tabla is an Indian percussion instrument consisting of a pair of hand drums that make different sounds, one of the drums is higher pitched and brighter sounding, while the other one sounds darker, lower pitched and reverberant, in a way similar to bongos. The sarod is chordophone while the table is membranophone.

b. Melody/Pitch

The melody is played by the sarod. It’s suppose to have a range of 3 octaves, but in this piece the melody is ranging within about an octave. I hear the melody as a pentatonic scale with the notes F, A, B flat, C, and E flat, the tonal center being the F. This scale clearly carries Persian and Arab art music influence. The melody arpeggiates up and down this scale, mainly making intervals like major thirds, major seconds, minor thirds and minor seconds. Overall the intervals are quite narrow. I believe the performer, Amjad Ali Khan, was improvising most of the time.

c. Rhythm

This piece of music sounds metrical- I am able to tap my feet along with the drum beats- but the meter is ambiguous. In the beginning it sounds like it’s in 7/8- but I believe the meter is a combination of duple and triple meter, because after a while I hear a clear and strong pattern of “one, two, one, two, one, two, three”. There’re strong accents on the first “one” and the third “one”, which is the first and fifth beat in the 7 beat pattern, or in other words the downbeat of the 4/4 measures and 3/4 measures are equally accented. I hear a very slight accent on the second “one”, which is the third beat in the 4/4 meter, which is why I’m open to the possibility of the meter being two 2/4s. This tempo is relatively faster than medium, considering the complex meter changes. The tempo is stable throughout the whole video with occasional free rhythms.

d. Dynamics

This music is very quiet- neither the sarod nor the tabla is loud. There are slight dynamic changes in the middle but even the loudest moment sounds like an equivalent of the western “mezzo piano”.

e. Phonic structure/texture

This piece of music is between Monophony and Polyphony- it has 2 lines of music, both played on the Sarod, but one of the lines stays on the same note (C4) for the whole piece. However since there are two lines of music I would still call it Polyphony over Monophony.

This music represents Raga from Hindustani classical music.

As mentioned above, the 2 male instrumentalists are Amjad Ali Khan the Sarod master, and Zakir Hussain the tabla master. Both men were in their 60s in the video. Both are professional Indian musicians and internationally famous. The performance took place in a concert hall in Pune, India. Video did not show audiences, but it’s pretty reasonable to assume the majority of the audiences to be Indians. There are not any other specific activities associated with this performance.

As specified in the description of the video, this is the first time in 25 years for these 2 masters of Indian classical instruments to perform together, that means a lot to the Indian audiences, especially, I’m assuming, the older generation who might have been there to witness or at least remember the last time they performed together.

There is a way to notate music in Indian classical music, but not for performance purposes because music is played by heart in such circumstances. So the two masters are performing without looking at or reciting anything.

It seems like this is a pure concert for the two legendary masters to get together and perform- but it definitely has significant meaning to the Indians, both musically and culturally.

Raga, literally meaning “that which colors the wind” (Chordia and Rae), is one of the many types of Indian classical music. Garland Encyclopedia of World Music describes Hindustani Raga “lies on the continuum between a scale and a mode, encompassing both straight”.

The Raga is one of the most important elements of Indian music. Indian classical music is mainly divided into 2 large branches, the North and the South, and the Raga is a subgenre under North Indian classical music (or Hindustani music). At some point during the music history of Northern India, people started grouping notes together into a compositional way, that was the beginning of Raga- a scale with a set sequence. In the scripture, however, it is said that ragas were created by the Indian gods- the very 5 ragas were created in Lord Shiva’s 5 mouths, and the 6^th raga was created by his wife, the goddess Parvati. These 6 ragas were named Bhairav, Hindol, Megh, Deepak, Shri and Kaushik.

The raga is also an interesting part of the Indian culture. In Indo Pak’s ancient theory, everything is made easier if it takes place at the appropriate time and place, including ragas which are considered magical and are created for specific times for maximum effect- for example a raga that creates the atmosphere of summer should be played in summer, a raga appropriate for morning should be played in the morning. Some are written for the dry seasons or days in order to use their powers to bring rain.

However modern ragas are constantly performed in music halls simply for performance purposes, for example in this video.

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