The rural education

各位留学生大家好!今天100due教员组给大家分享的是一篇教育学essay代写范文，主要内容是讲：农村教育。

毫无疑问，教育是一个国家发展的最重要动力之一，这是一项长期投资。《世界全民教育宣言》（1990年）指出，“每个人——儿童、青年和成人——都应能够受益于旨在满足其基本学习需要的教育机会”。随着科技的进步，人们被要求在实践和专业知识方面拥有更多的人才。幸运的是，大多数政府都高度重视教育问题。由于义务教育政策，成千上万的人获得了接受教育的机会。然而，教育资源分配不均。城市教育水平较高，农村教育发展缓慢。大多数城市儿童可以获得一张上大学的门票，而农村地区的儿童在很小的时候就不得不担心如何找到工作谋生。教育资源的不平衡导致了城乡差距的扩大，可能导致贫富差距的扩大。总的来说，农村教育将是教育发展的重要因素。由于农村地区没有城市那样的资源，这些地区值得得到更多的关注和支持。本文在前人对农村教育研究的基础上，着重对影响农村教育的因素进行了进一步的探索和探讨，旨在提出有助于改善农村教育条件的建议。虽然越来越多的人认识到农村教育的重要性，但农村教育发展滞后，需要从多方面努力，齐心协力，缓解社会矛盾。

It is no doubt that education is one of the most important motive powers for a country’s development, which is a long term investment. The World Declaration on Education for All (1990) states that “Every person–child, youth and adult–shall be able to benefit from educational opportunities designed to meet their basic learning needs”. With the advancement of technology, people have been asked to have more talent on both practical and professional knowledge. Fortunately, most of the governments think highly of the educational problems. Thanks to the compulsory education policy, thousands of people obtain opportunities to receive education. However, the educational resources have been distributed unevenly. The educational conditions in cities have achieved at a high level, while the educational conditions in rural areas still develop slowly. Most of city children can gain a ticket to go to colleges, while those children in rural areas have to worry about how to find a job to earn their living at a very young age. The unbalance of educational resources gives rise to the city and countryside disparity, which might enlarge the gap between rich and poor. Generally speaking, the rural education will be a significant factor towards educational development. Since the rural areas do not have the same resources as the cities do, these areas worth to receive more attention as well as support. Based on the previous studies done on rural education, this thesis is focused on further exploring and discussing the factors about education in countryside and aimed at reaching suggestions that helps improve the conditions of rural education. Although more and more people realize the importance of education in rural areas, the lagging development of rural education calls for efforts from different aspects to pull together so as to ease social contradictions.

In order to explore this social issue, it is necessary to classify the related definitions of rural education. From the perspective of districts where people receive education, it can generally be divided into urban and rural. According to Study on the Educational Development Indicators in Rural Areas in China, rural area is a relative concept whose type of industry is dominantly natural economy and agriculture, and the population distribution in rural areas is dispersing (Yuan, 2009: 20). These two features of rural areas have influenced directly on the situation of rural education. Because the main industry in rural area is agriculture, which belongs to a type of human consumption, some families would make a decision for their children to work rather than go further study due to the demand for labor. This phenomenon results in the frequency of dropping out of school. Besides, the decentralization of population increases the difficulty on resource integration that goes against the distribution of  education facilities. In accordance with UNESCO, rural education is not just about basic education which is “defined with respect to the minimum educational requirements needed to enable all individuals to assume their responsibilities as adults”, but also about vocational and technical education and adult education, including full-time formal learning with diplomas, adult literacy learning and technical training. Hence, rural education is a huge category with multi-layers.

However, the situation of rural education at present is critical and urgent which appeals for concern. In China, rural population takes up about 70 percent of the total population in the country, which means that rural education is an important area for educational progress. Solving the educational problems in rural areas help enhance the overall quality for the nation. However, as Lakin and Gasperini wrote in Basic Education in Rural Areas: Status, Issues and Prospects, “less attention has been given so far to improving the quality of rural schooling and to meeting basic learning needs of out-of-school children and adults” (2002: 80), the development of rural education is lagging against the rapid growth of urban education. As for basic education, which might be the only chance for some people in rural areas to receive education, “the geographical distribution of schools in most developing countries is not adequate to reach all rural children” (Lakin et al., 2002: 81). Besides, even though there are schools in the countryside, economic and social obstacles also prevent children from enrolling. “Rural schools have been closing their doors at an alarming rate between 2000 and 2010, causing 63 rural primary schools, 30 learning centers and three middles schools to vanish per day” (Zhang, 2013). Therefore, rural education is at risk and both the deficiency of educational hardware and traditional concept worsen the situation of rural education. There are relationship between poverty and education level. “Perceptions of the relationships between education and rural development are broadened through the acquisition of knowledge and of functional capacities that are useful for family life and necessary for the improvement of living conditions” (Botti, 1977). According to the statistics about a comparison of a trained and untrained farmer family’s income in China released by Yixian in 2001 which is also quoted in the report of UNESCO, Education for Rural Development: Towards New Policy Responses, trained workers enjoy higher level of income, whose income is 3487.12 Yuan per worker, than untrained workers, whose income is 2674.40 Yuan per worker (2003). Education that people receive helps them strengthen the skills to improve their life standard. Some farmers used to cultivate the land by common knowledge inherited from their predecessors. But some of these knowledge is outdated and inappropriate to improve the productivity. By receiving the relevant education training, farmers can utilize the professional knowledge to improve their productivity with less cost.

The stakeholders for rural education are from different categories but they are close with each other. To begin with, the most vital one is government and its departments because as the large percentage that rural population counts on the total population in China, solving the issue of rural education can bring a great progress in Chinese education. Once the education that people receive is improved, people can utilize what they have learned to improve the life, which is of great for promoting  national development. Besides, education contributes to raise up the quality for the people and eliminate the musty ideas. Furthermore, the direct stakeholders are parents and students. Although students can gain knowledge which might change their life through education, the parents have to spend money for this opportunity at the cost of losing a labor to work on the field. Parents in rural areas have to consider the decision to receive education, especially to whom are suffering from economic burden. However, through education, students might step out of rural areas and go to live in the city by the knowledge they get. Some of them might be the university students and some of them might be the professional technicians to devote themselves in constructing the country. Students can change the life style which is totally different from the life style for their parents. Also, their parents can be benefited. Enhancing the situation of rural education is not only related to personnel development, but also related to the social environment.

As a matter of fact, the poor condition of rural education is caused by many factors. Here is an example we done previously about the education in a little village called “Da He”, where we have asked them about how they make a sense of rural education. Surprisingly, we got some different answers from different representative personages. Da He is a little village in Shanxi Province, China whose dominant living way is farming. The geographic location of Da He is not very good, which is surrounded by hills and has poor connection with the outside world. And because of its poor transportation, the economic situation of the village is not optimistic. From the interview done previously, we can get some information about rural education in poverty-stricken areas in China.

Yang Tong is not only a typical farmer in Da He, but also the first interviewee. He has three kids which the oldest one has left school to work in a factory meanwhile the other two are studying in middle school and primary school separately. According to Mr. Yang, the only income of the family comes from agricultural planting. He wants to send all his children to go to school but he can not afford it. To some parents, economic burden is the primary cause to stop their children from education. The form of the life style and economic structure proceeded slowly due to the lack of information about the native policy though the reform and opening-up policy was carried out in many Chinese cities.

However it is a totally different point of view when we interview a local high school student called Sun Xiao. From the view of him, the educational substance in school is obsolete, which can not satisfy his need of practical knowledge instead of the fundamental book knowledge. Students have the desire to learn more knowledge, but the quality of rural education and hardware equipment at present are lagging with the social development, which cause more students choose to drop out of school and learn things by their own way. This is a vicious circle that makes rural education have little progress. Rural education cannot find a suitable way to bring more practical knowledge to the students due to the lack of necessary educational instruments.

Teachers are also the interview target. Hu Huan is a rural teacher devoting herself on rural education who used to be a white color employee in a big city. She finds that rural education has been marginalized due to the lack of attention. Besides, fewer and fewer people choose to work as a rural teacher because not only the salary is poor, but also the educational facilities are deficient which bring a great trouble to teaching. Meanwhile the obsolete traditional educational theory makes the situation worse. If the rural education is not improved, the situation of it will get worse and worse.

Qian Hao is the commissioner of education who tells us that the authority has taken various countermeasures to accelerate the improvement of rural education. However, the relevant educational policies could be implemented timely and some government officials use those educational funds illegally. It is no doubt that government plays a vital role in improving rural education and the outcome of rural education can bring a huge benefit for national quality as well as rural development. But lacking effective governmental mechanism, efforts paid on the rural education can be in vain due to the illegal behaviors.

Generally speaking, there is a huge space for rural educational system to improve. In the interview with people from Da He we know how the people make a sense of the rural education and find out the real situation of rural educational development.

The lack of learning opportunities is both the cause and the result of rural poverty. In rural areas, economic and social obstacles prevent children from enrolling in the school, especially for girls. Furthermore, due to the extent of demographic trends, in which a large amount of people migrate from rural areas to urban areas, and the increasing focus on urbanization, less and less attention is paid on rural development, which leads to a vicious circle for rural education. Besides, “the overall rural poverty situation remains critical as rural areas continue to suffer from inadequate resource allocation, be it from domestic budgets or from international aid” (Lakin et al., 2002). Therefore, it is of great importance for us to take measures in order to improve the present situation for rural education. Here are some recommendations for different aspects to devote their efforts.

First of all, government has a special responsibility to take the lead in guiding the development of rural education. Government should give policy focus on education, promote educational practices and enhance the national quality. Human market pays more and more attention on people’s quality, both educational quality and technical quality, which requires people to increase their competence. Although people have such awareness of education, they lack the opportunities to realize their job expectations in rural areas. Currently, the allocation for educational resources is unbalance, including faculties and hardware equipment. Rural areas have received far more less resources than urban areas do. One of the prominent and vital filed is faculty deficiency which is the biggest problem. In order to solve this issue, government should recruit teachers of different subjects and deploy them to the understaffed schools in rural areas. Besides, as previous analysis on the causes of teachers shortage, government can consider to raise the salary for the teachers so as to appeal more talents to work in the rural areas. Besides, it is essential to improve the hardware equipment in school, such as accommodation and teaching tools. Government can cooperate with universities and encourage college students to teach in the poverty-stricken rural areas with referential policies. Allocating education resources evenly is influential to the development for rural education. Government can release the economic burden for children in rural areas to go to school and implement the policy of compulsory education. Also, improving the condition of transportation brings convenience and safety to the children and teachers. In order to implement various educational activities soundly, administrative structures and governance mechanism is indispensable. An effective governance mechanism can guarantee the national support being used in the right place. Some officials abuse their power to graft national resources for personal interests regardless of people’s livelihood. These behaviors should be strictly forbidden because they do not perform the obligations and damage public interests severely, which will plant a time bomb for the government.

Secondly, parents in rural areas should change the obsolete educational concept, which thinks that women without talent is virtuous and education is helpless. Besides, children should treasure the educational opportunities to learn knowledge and skills. “Kids have the potential to rebuild our rural economies and lead us into tomorrow. We need to make sure every child has a chance to succeed and contribute to their communities” (Brien, 2015). Such obsolete education concepts have deeply ingrained in the mind of some rural families so that they are unwilling to send their children to receive education, especially for girls. Some parents might think that it is better to work on the field to earn money for the family rather than spend time in the school. However, education is a long term investment. In a long run, education can change family’s lifestyle. The enrichment of knowledge can prepare children in rural areas to explore the outside world and earn their life by knowledge which is a value-added skill despite of age. No matter male or female, the opportunity to receive education is equal. Family can also think about changing the traditional agricultural way by utilizing technology so as to improve the farming and reduce the labor cost. Family member in rural areas can have some technical training which can add a new means for livelihood. Sticking to traditional agriculture concept stubbornly is no longer suitable for development nowadays.

Last but not least, society plays a vital role in improving the situation of rural education. The rising concern of general public towards the education in poverty-stricken rural areas can prompt the government to make efforts in this field. Philanthropic groups have done a great job in various social issues. Some of them might even be better than social security as a means of helping the disadvantaged groups. Social groups can pay more attention on the difficulties that rural education comes across and give their help on these problems when governmental measures are not enough. Donors support from the society occupies an important part in improving the rural education. Philanthropists can donate money to help purchase the supplies and build schools for education in rural areas. But the money collected from the society should be guaranteed under a complete management system in case of illegal usage.

In conclusion, rural education is the key point of work in many countries as rural population occupies a great part in the total population. “Education is the basic building block of every society. It is the single best investment countries can make towards building prosperous, healthy and equitable societies” (ERP, 2011). Hence, it is quite essential for us to take measures to improve the conditions of rural education right away. Education is a valuable investment that can bring a great benefits to the personnel and the whole society. But the situation for rural education nowadays is at risk that requires efforts for all of us. It is hoped that more attention and efforts can be paid on rural education.

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