Water resource is an important basis for human survival and development

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1. Introduction

Water resource is an important basis for human survival and development, and an irreplaceable resource. Nowadays, many countries in the world are facing the problems of water shortage and water pollution. How to protect water resources is a major issue for the whole society. Although New Zealand is rich in water resources, it still faces more and more challenges in water resources management (snelder & hughey, 2005). In addition, people also think that water resources are inexhaustible, inexhaustible and sustainable natural resources. Therefore, New Zealand is planning to take effective measures to protect water resources, such as charging royalties to its domestic commercial users. This paper first discusses the current situation of water resources in New Zealand, and then analyzes the planning by using microeconomics theory.

2. Water resources in New Zealand

As we all know, although the earth's surface is occupied by water, it is estimated that only about 2.5% of the water is fresh water, most of which is stored in glaciers and ice sheets in the form of ice and snow, accounting for 68.9% of the total water resources. Most of the rest are groundwater, accounting for 30.9%. Only 0.3% of the water exists in rivers and lakes as fresh water.

The snow, rivers, glaciers and lakes in New Zealand are abundant in water resources (Heusser & van, 1994), and the water quality and quantity are among the top ten in the world. Although New Zealand has sufficient water resources, its water resources management is facing more and more challenges (Cao et al., 2009). In the first decade of the 21st century, the demand for water increased dramatically due to the expansion of agriculture and cities. No matter where and when the water supply can not meet these needs.

Although there is insufficient supply to meet demand, which often occurs in drier Eastern New Zealand, there is absolutely fierce competition for water resources. These demands always peak in summer, while water generally reaches its lowest level. In addition, due to the different scale of rainfall and snowfall year by year, climate change makes the management of water resources more complex.

For a long time, people always think that water resource is an inexhaustible, inexhaustible and sustainable natural resource. Therefore, people regard water resources as a free resource that can be used many times. As a result, New Zealand excluded water resources from the system of national accounts. While considering the cost of products, New Zealand does not consider the intrinsic value of water resources. Therefore, new Zealanders lack a comprehensive concept of product cost while consuming water resources, resulting in relatively low water consumption prices. In addition, the development and utilization of water resources also has external non economic effects. In general, the individual cost of water consumption is far lower than the social cost. The market price can not reflect the marginal social effect of water resources. Finally, new Zealanders are consuming more and more water resources and lack of constraints on water pollution. In short, the market can not provide a correct price signal for the use of water resources. The market mechanism has lost the effectiveness of water resources allocation, leading to market failure and waste and pollution.

In the case of market failure, we must take non market mechanism measures to assist the market. In view of the negative externalities caused by the over utilization of water resources and water pollution, the New Zealand government should take measures such as taxation, direct control, emission rights sale, subsidy policy, increasing water cost and pollution cost.

3. Some facts of New Zealand's tax system

As an essential fact in people's daily life, taxation also exists in New Zealand. In fact, local governments have developed a relatively simple tax system for people to use.

In addition to simplicity, New Zealand's tax system has great advantages of predictability, impartiality and minimization of defects. At the same time, the tax system provides a relatively popular tax environment for these income and assets. In fact, the comprehensive tax system is based on the tax base of the United States. The competitiveness of the developed countries ranks second, and the personal income tax ranks first. Taxation is a complex subject, this section only summarizes this field. Detailed information can be obtained from professionals.

The key elements of New Zealand's tax system include: neither inheritance tax nor general capital gains tax, although it applies to certain investments, nor local or state taxes, with the exception of property royalties imposed by local authorities. Payroll tax, social security tax and health care are not levied, but the accident injury compensation insurance scheme in New Zealand is relatively low.

So, is it necessary for you to pay taxes in New Zealand? The answer to this question is "yes.". We can learn about the interests of all new Zealanders from the consultation income tax and the goods and services tax (GST).

Not all new Zealanders should pay personal income tax, but you have to find out what personal income tax you need to pay. If you have income from other countries, or if you leave New Zealand for a tax year from April 1 to March 31, you need to file a return.

It is easy to find the tax liability in the website of the Inland Revenue Department (IRD). If you want to run or start a business, you need to be familiar with some tax obligations. It's easy to get business information on the website of the tax bureau.

In New Zealand, people with an income of more than NZ $70000 are subject to personal income tax at the rate of 33%, while people with an income of NZ $14000 are subject to personal income tax at the rate of 10.5%. As for companies and enterprises, they are charged at a uniform tax rate of about 28%.

The prospect of any comprehensive capital gains or land tax is excluded from the tax system by the current government.

In addition, there is a consumption tax in New Zealand, called the goods and services tax, which is also a uniform tax rate. At present, it is about 15%, which is added to the vast majority of purchases. However, you should not pay GST for residential rentals and financial services. Enterprises can recover the goods and services tax paid as input cost.

A uniform rate of GST is easier than the system adopted in many other countries, where similar taxes apply to a wide range of products and services at different levels.

You may find tax residents in New Zealand and some other countries. So, if both countries levy royalties on their citizens globally, your income in the other country may be taxed twice as much as it is in New Zealand..

New Zealand minimizes this possibility by providing credits for income taxes paid overseas, which are always subject to New Zealand taxes. In addition, New Zealand has reached agreements with 39 major trade and investment partners in China to eliminate double taxation.

However, New Zealand does not tax water.

4. Deeply analyze the economic rationality of charging commercial users

The answer to this question is absolutely yes, because it is necessary to charge commercial users for the use of water in New Zealand. The problem of market failure has been discussed in the second part of this paper. The author believes that the New Zealand government should take measures such as taxation, direct control, emission rights sale, subsidy policy, increase water charges, pollution costs and so on. In this way, new Zealanders who make excessive use of water resources and cause water pollution should bear the cost of excessive use of water resources and cause water pollution, and narrow the gap between the social cost and personal cost of water resources. In fact, commercial users have used most of the whole water resources. In addition, they do attribute many of the reasons to water pollution caused by factory emissions. Then, the New Zealand government can adjust the problem of water resources over utilization and water pollution from many aspects.

From the perspective of microeconomic theory, the New Zealand government can levy water use fees from commercial users, and transform the externality of water use into the internal cost of water users such as commercial users. At the same time, the New Zealand government can promote the commercial users to choose the appropriate resource saving technology and pollution control technology, and develop some new work processes, so as to reduce pollution more effectively. Therefore, the New Zealand government can achieve its goals while reducing costs, saving water resources, reducing water pollution and improving social benefits. Water use fees can actively intervene in market economic activities, control and induce the rational allocation of resources, adjust the relationship between supply and demand, so as to promote the effective role of market mechanism. In addition, the New Zealand government can also use the tax on business users to compensate the victims for their daily life being partially disturbed or damaged to a certain extent by relevant enterprises. Therefore, it is necessary and appropriate to levy royalties on commercial users for the use of New Zealand water while taking into account all the above advantages. In other words, the New Zealand government is right to charge commercial users royalties for the use of New Zealand water from the perspective of microeconomic theory, because they use most of New Zealand water.

5. Conclusion

Although New Zealand is rich in water resources, it is facing more and more challenges in water resources management. Therefore, some effective measures should be taken to form better water resources management. Among them, it is wise for the New Zealand government to charge commercial users royalties because they use most of New Zealand's water resources and cause water pollution. By collecting royalties from them, the New Zealand government can promote these enterprises to come up with more advanced technologies, so as to reduce water waste and water pollution.

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