Urban underground works

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Urban underground works，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了城市地下工程。地下空间是人类的一个发展方向，它既可以帮助人类解决人口过于拥挤而无处容身的问题，也能更好的加强环境改善。地下工程是以深入地面以下为开发利用地下空间资源所建造的地下土木工程。在上个世纪，城市地下空间工程所开发利用的方向主要是国防、人防工程c建设。而在进入21世纪后，防空防灾等结合人防工程建设开发与地下空间开发、兼顾人防要求建设开发协调发展。

Along with the rapid growth of the world's population, per capita land area is shrinking, people begin to attach importance to this pressing problem, coupled with the constant progress of the society, the improvement of the humanities, people more and more attention to environmental protection, comprehensive factors of underground space is one of the human development direction, it can help mankind to solve the problem of population is too crowded and nowhere, also can better improve the environment. The 21st century is the century of the development of underground space. With the rapid development of cities and the over-exploitation of resources, environmental pollution, energy shortage, traffic congestion and water shortage and other problems will become increasingly serious. Therefore, people have to seek underground living space to relieve the huge pressure brought by the shortage of land resources. Therefore, the development of underground space is imperative.

Underground engineering is an underground civil engineering which is built to develop and utilize underground space resources. In the last century, the development and utilization direction of urban underground space project is mainly national defense and civil defense construction. However, after entering the 21st century, the development of air defense and disaster prevention combined with civil air defense engineering construction and development of underground space, taking into account the requirements of civil air defense construction and development. At present, the existing domestic underground space utilization facilities include: underground houses, underground buildings; Underground railway, highway tunnel, street crossing underground passage; Supply facilities and discharge facilities; Underground street, underground garage, underground pedestrian network, etc. Some underground complexes have also been developed abroad.

According to the use of functional classification can be divided into industrial buildings, civil buildings, traffic buildings, hydraulic buildings and so on; According to the geological conditions and construction methods can be divided into underground buildings in rocks and underground buildings in soil layers; According to the buried depth can be divided into shallow buried underground building and deep buried underground building.

Ming excavation method refers to the construction method that firstly excavates all the rock mass of the tunnel part, then builds the hole body and door, and then backfills. The key processes are: lowering the groundwater level, slope support, earthwork excavation, structural construction and waterproof engineering. The key technology to ensure the safety construction is slope support.

The underground excavation method does not dig the ground, USES the underground excavation method construction. It mainly includes mining law, shield tunneling law, new Austrian law and so on. The construction sequence can be summarized as excavation of side guide pit and timely closing of its initial support. After an appropriate distance, the diversion pit on the other side was dug and the primary support was constructed. Excavation of the upper core soil, the construction of the arch of the primary support, arch foot support on the two side wall pit of the primary support. Excavate the lower step, construct the primary support at the bottom, and make the whole section of the primary support closed. Remove the primary support of the hollow part of the diversion pit and apply it as inner lining.

Uni-axial technology is in the basement excavation, first along the building exterior wall construction of underground continuous wall supporting structure, and pile foundation construction, the casting of reinforced concrete, the installation and concrete column hu pile butt joint of steel column, then first floor construction, and through the first floor underground continuous wall, pile foundation and pillar together, as a supporting structure. It can be called one of the most advanced construction techniques for high-rise buildings.

Cover excavation method refers to the new engineering construction method adopted when the local underground project is carried out, which needs to pass through obstacles such as roads and buildings. It is to close the top after digging down to a certain depth from the ground, and the rest of the lower projects are carried out under the closed top cover. The main structure can be done in sequence or vice versa. The cover excavation method is suitable for loose geological conditions and the area where the tunnel is above the underground water level.

Shallow excavation is a method for underground excavation of various types of underground Chambers which is close to the surface. In town weak rock strata, the town built under the condition of shallow buried underground engineering, a modified on the premise of geological conditions, a control surface subsidence, grille and spray anchor as primary support means, in accordance with the "advanced, strict grouting, short excavation and strong support, quickly closed, frequently measure" ten figure of eight principles for the construction, called shallow tunnel excavation method.

Underground space resources provided under scale space resource is very rich, and has good sealing and stable environment, the temperature of the eleven masking and temperature had a higher request to the environment of engineering, such as the command center, precision instrument storage room, production houses, etc., at the same time also can save urban land, improve the city traffic, reduce urban pollution. In addition, underground space architecture has the advantage of strong disaster prevention and reduction, which can effectively prevent various weapons including nuclear weapons from killing and damaging effects, and has a strong ability to resist natural disasters such as earthquake, wind, snow, explosion and fire, such as easy to control the spread of explosion and fire.

It can be seen that the construction of underground space project is conducive to easing the contradiction of urban space development, promoting the development of modern urban society and economy, effectively solving traffic congestion and other problems, and effectively saving energy, which is of great significance.

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