Internet specification

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Internet specification，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了互联网规范。互联网与现实世界一样是人们活动的空间，人在互联网中的行为与在现实世界中一样也需要规范的指导和约束。互联网规范研究就是研究互联网中人的行为规范的新领域，它涉及人们在互联网中的一切行为规范，包括互联网法律、互联网伦理、互联网社交礼仪等多个方面。

At present, the Internet has been transformed from a simple communication tool to a completely new way of life. "A technology is widely used in society, not only involved in the progress of the technology itself, but also caused social structure and people's life in many ways, change the way of thinking", changing the way of people's life caused the change in the way people behave, how to regulate the behavior of people in the Internet problems become an important aspect of Internet research. Internet standard code of conduct of research with people on the Internet as the main object, including all the behavior of people in the Internet, both people in the process of development and application of computer technology and Internet technology specification, there are people in the Internet communication interaction in the process of social norms, covers the Internet ethics and Internet law, Internet technology, Internet social etiquette, and many other content. Research on Internet norms provides theoretical support for people's practice in formulating Internet policies and laws, regulating netizens' behaviors, building a harmonious and safe Internet environment, and promoting the healthy development of the Internet. Therefore, it is of great significance to review the development process and main contents of Internet regulation research in recent years and to look forward to the future Internet regulation research.

Berners-lee, the father of the world wide web, pointed out that "the web is not just a treasure trove of information to be discovered, nor is it just a reference or research tool". The Internet has undergone a transformation from research tools and communication tools to living space and lifestyle, and it has changed the way of life of human beings. From the development of the Internet and people's understanding of the Internet to divide the development process of Internet regulation research, the rise of the global Internet as a symbol, can be divided into two periods. The first period was from the 1980s to the mid-1990s, when the Internet brought great changes to people's lives and also caused a series of ethical and legal problems. During this period, people mainly paid attention to the Internet problems generated in the process of Internet application. Therefore, Internet standard research during this period mainly analyzed the causes of Internet problems and explored solutions. The second period is the mid - 1990 - s, the development of the Internet during this period has exceeded its original purpose, in business, politics, social purpose are playing an increasingly important role, has become a space of human life, and people in work, leisure, entertainment, do most of the transactions in the real world. Therefore, how to regulate people's behaviors in the Internet has become the focus of attention. People begin to turn to the Internet norms that regulate Internet behaviors, such as Internet ethics, Internet laws, and Internet technical norms.

At home and abroad, the main achievements of Internet regulation research are basically along the course of Internet development. From a foreign perspective, the article "what is computer ethics" written by American scholar James Moore in 1985 first studied the human behavior norms related to computers from the perspective of ethics. Since then, researches on the ethical problems caused by computers and the Internet have been carried out gradually, such as computer ethics by Deborah Johnson, computer ethics: warnings and ethical dilemmas in computer science by Tom forrest and perry Morrison. There are many studies on the legal issues brought about by the development of the Internet, such as Lawrence lessig's code 2.0: law in cyberspace, David Johnston's rules of the online game: 11 legal issues in the Internet age, and so on. Some scholars focus on the changes in social structure caused by the development of the Internet and study the impact of the Internet on the whole society, such as the rise of the network society and network stars by Manuel castell. In the face of the rapid development of the Internet, and many scholars from the Internet on people's way of life, way of thinking, development way influence are studied, such as: Theodore rose zach the myth of the worship of information: computer and real thinking art, negroponte's "digital life", sherry turkle's "life on the screen: identification of Internet era, etc.

From the point of view of China, due to the late rise of the Internet in China, the attention and research of the Internet standard in the domestic academic circle is also later than that abroad. In 1988, lu xudong translated James Moore's what is computer ethics into Chinese and published it in the world philosophy of that year, which was the earliest concern of Chinese scholars on Internet regulation. In 1994, when the Internet was introduced into China, the huge impact brought by the Internet on our society and national life gradually appeared, and the application of the Internet in ethics, law, technology, society, economy and other aspects gradually became a new hot spot in domestic academic research. From the perspective of time, although the domestic academic circle started to pay attention to and study the Internet standard relatively late, the domestic academic circle showed a trend of catching up with it. Especially since the beginning of the new century, the domestic academic circle has presented a state of comprehensive and interdisciplinary research and made great progress.

Domestic academic research on Internet regulation is the combination of foreign research results and independent research. On the one hand, a large number of foreign studies on the Internet and Internet norms have been introduced to China. For example, "digital survival", "compiling the world wide web", "hacker ethics and the spirit of the information age", "iron cage or utopia: morality and law in cyberspace", etc. Foreign research results have opened up a strange and miraculous field for domestic scholars. For example, once translated, Nicholas negroponte's "digital survival" becomes a textbook of Internet life in domestic academic circles, depicting a future life full of infinite possibilities for domestic scholars. The preparation of the world wide web is a popular books on the Internet all men are mortal, Tim berners-lee, the father of the Internet as its persuasive in this book reviews the birth of Internet course and represents the future of the Internet, for on the Internet still feel strange Chinese readers to popularize the basic knowledge of the Internet.

In general, from the perspective of the research process and results of the Internet norms in the academic circle at home and abroad, the main contents of the Internet norms research can be divided into two aspects. On the other hand is the study of Internet regulation. These two aspects are unified and intertwined, and it is difficult to make a clear distinction between them. Most researchers conduct research from these two aspects at the same time, but they have different focuses in different periods.

The application of the Internet has caused a great impact on the traditional norms. The change of people's living space and behavior mode makes the traditional norms meet difficulties in the process of regulating netizens' behaviors, causing a series of Internet problems. The emergence of problems is often the first to arouse people's attention, the analysis of the causes of Internet problems and explore solutions to become one of the main content of Internet regulation research. Most scholars at home and abroad agree on the causes of Internet problems. First of all, compared with the development of the Internet, the ethical norms, legal norms, technical norms and other aspects guiding the application of the Internet are either blank, or the traditional laws, ethics and technical norms are invalid. This makes people in the process of Internet application lack of normative guidance and constraints, so that people's behavior lost direction, leading to Internet problems. Secondly, the technical characteristics of computers and the Internet itself lead to the constant emergence of Internet problems. "On the one hand, computer design, manufacture, can make it with any function machine", so the application of computers and the Internet have countless possible, traditional specification system can't satisfy the unlimited development of computers and the Internet, will inevitably because of the new application of computer and Internet has achieved problem caused by the Internet. On the other hand, the computing and processing of the computer is invisible, and the existence of this invisible factor makes the design and use of the computer have vulnerabilities, and the lack of norms leads to increasingly serious Internet problems. For example: using the flaw in the program design to enter the computer of the institution or organization to carry on the destructive activity, and designing some kind of program which lacks the public morality to make improper profit.

Different scholars have proposed different ways to solve the Internet problems. James Moore provides a list of core values, including happiness, life, autonomy, resources, knowledge and security. He points out that these values are "primary values" for human beings and are recognized in different technological applications and cultures. "These core values provide the criteria for evaluating the reasonableness of our actions and policies" when faced with an endless stream of Internet problems. But these values go hand in hand, and when they go against each other, problems arise. For example, when formulating Internet speech policies, the freedom of speech of Internet users should be protected on the one hand, and the security of Internet users' personal information should be protected on the other hand, but sometimes the two cannot be unified. People must balance the relationship between Internet users' freedom of speech and Internet users' information security, and strengthen one side while weakening the other. According to Richard spinello, "traditional ethics can provide sufficient theoretical basis to deal with these new problems." , however, the development of the Internet makes the traditional ethics in solving the problem of the Internet and is facing some new situation different from the real world, such as global Internet development level is not balanced, the globalization of the Internet problem, online identity virtualization, netizens behavior chrono, etc., these are the problems of traditional ethics cannot cope with. Chinese scholars Li Lun think, however, too much emphasis on the difference between the traditional ethics and the network ethics, easy to form a "digital illusion", namely the same kind of behavior has a double standard, in fact, some of the problems in the Internet, such as network theft, Internet rumors, such as online piracy are variations realistic problems of the Internet, is the same in nature, too much emphasis on the distinction between traditional ethics and the network ethics, the easy to the life of people the world double. He believes that with the penetration of the Internet into the real world, the online world is also the real world, and traditional ethics are not powerless to Internet behavior.

Since the beginning of the new century, it has become a fashion for people to live, study, work, communicate and relax on the Internet. Just as human behavior in the real world is regulated, so should the behavior of people on the Internet. However, the norms of Internet behavior are either not acclimated to the traditional norms, or the Internet norms regulating people's Internet behavior are blank. Therefore, the construction of Internet norms has become a necessary condition for the normal operation of the Internet. At the same time, such as the proliferation of pornographic information, network virus transmission, Internet game addiction and other serious Internet problems, these problems have become the main problems restricting the development of the Internet. The development of the Internet must solve these problems, and the way to solve them is to establish the Internet norms that regulate people's Internet behavior.

First, the Internet needs Internet standards. The Internet is a "geographically infinite and insubstantial space in which -- independent of time, distance and location -- people connect with each other, computers with each other and people with computers." the Internet seems to open up a free and independent space. The original theories about Internet space hold that Internet space is a completely free space, which does not need the control of the government or organizations, or even the regulation. John perry barlow declared, "governments of the industrial world! You horrid giants of iron and blood! I come from cyberspace, a new home for ideas. I represent the future and ask you who are behind The Times to stay away from us." However, freedom is truly free because of norms. Internet space does not need norms. On the contrary, Internet space must be under the control of reasonable norms if it wants to be the territory of freedom. Lawrence lessig says, "in our constructed world, freedom was in some kind of intentional control and prosperity", and this kind of control "from the bottom up, rather than to establish" by the guidance of the state, or national government is unable to achieve this standard, specification of space on the Internet can only come from the bottom of self-discipline and management.

Second, Internet behavior needs Internet norms. Xie Guishan thinks "Internet connections and the ethical relationship is indirect, diverse and symbolization, go beyond the limitations of the physical space", the emergence of the Internet is a sign of a new type human interactions, and this is a kind of based on the Internet "new social relationship in the selective replace territory bound form of human interaction". Liu dayun believes that network communication is a form of communication that is both present and absent, and this new form of communication has some characteristics that traditional communication behavior does not have, such as the anonymity of the communication subject and the time-space behavior. He pointed out that "the network communication has a huge impact on the traditional ethics and morals, and the traditional ethics and morals are not fully competent to evaluate the social value of the network". Therefore, the new form of communication means the formulation of new norms or the change of traditional norms. The form of Internet communication requires a set of norms that can restrain and guide people's Internet behavior. Lessig proposed that "code is law", and he believed that people's Internet behaviors should be regulated by codes, "which will determine the freedom and regulation degree of Internet space". Lessig argues that programs and code developed by programmers are more binding than government laws or policies on the Internet. However, lessig is actually putting the specification of the Internet above the development of code, which must be neutral. But, how to guarantee the neutrality of code development, and returned to the ethical level, irresponsible coders may prepare some against social public morality or value of the code, because the code itself is a powerful control power, if it can not be properly write and management, so it will threat the value of tradition ". So while code is a valid specification, it should not be written on the basis of shaky personal neutrality.

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