The development of education in domestic economics in Britain

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The development of education in domestic economics in Britain，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国家政职业教育的发展。家政职业教育作为培养具备熟练家政技能的家政人才的一种教育形式，与社会经济发展和人们的家庭生活息息相关。英国作为职业教育发达国家之一，家政职业教育是其重要的专业领域，并贡献了很多有价值的经验。经过三个世纪的发展，英国已经积累了比较丰富的经验，形成了独具特色的家政职业教育体系。

As education form of training skilled homemakers, education is closely related to social and economic development and people's family life. As one of the vocational education developed countries, the domestic vocational education is an important area of expertise, and contributed a lot of valuable experience, can divide apprenticeship in the form of domestic vocational education germination period, specialized independent period of domestic vocational education institutions and professional three stages during the period of the norm of the national vocational qualification. This paper summarizes the development process of education of British domestic service profession before World War II, and explores the successful experience of education development of British domestic service profession on this basis.

Britain's "British housekeeper" is known as the world's most professional nanny. Starched white shirt and black vest, black tie, black tuxedo, straight, black pants, and shiny black shoes and white gloves, considerate care, polite, exercise restraint, he just put the housework do not need to master in perfect order, this has become a cultural symbol of Britain "administrative" and the traditional image, to become the world's classic and representative domestic service. Education has a long history in the domestic service profession in Britain. After three centuries of development, education has accumulated rich experience and formed a unique education system of domestic service profession. The author intends to sort out the evolution process of education development of British domestic service profession before world war ii in accordance with historical clues, and take education talent cultivation of domestic service profession as the standard for each stage division, analyze the social and historical reasons for education transformation of British domestic service profession from multiple angles and perspectives, and explore its internal logic.

Apprenticeship has a long history in Britain. Since the 13th century, apprenticeship has been gradually adopted to train apprentices in vocational skills. For the training of domestic service personnel, it is mainly through this way and way.

In England in the mid-17th century, parents spent very little time with their children. Generally speaking, children left home to work as servants and apprentices when they were 10-15 years old. In the traditional British society, servants are generally living and living in the host's home. They not only need to engage in the specific work of family service, but also need to learn skills and receive training. The training of domestic affairs and the management of the duties of servants shall, according to the sex of the servants, be respectively the responsibility of the men and women in the highest position in the master's household. Housekeepers and housekeepers have education obligations to their servants, who, under the guidance of housekeepers and housekeepers, improve the basic knowledge and skills of family service. Usually, the purpose of the master to train servants has a dual role, not only to train a group of skilled domestic workers to serve their family life, but also to train them into a qualified social citizen according to the standards and requirements of society. Therefore, since the servant enters the master's family, a certain contractual relationship will be formed between the two parties, which mainly stipulates the rights and obligations of the two parties, so as to ensure the study of the servant's family service skills and the standard of his daily behaviors.

End of the 17th century, organized by church charity schools began to recruit students, more representative is a girls' school and the work-and-study schools, then the school with characteristics of charity gradually evolved into vocational education institutions with a nature of poverty relief, the school recruit object is mainly come from poor class families children, education mainly teach reading, writing, counting, sewing and domestic service, aims to make students master the basic knowledge and simple chores labor skills, the purpose is to maintain the basic living. These schools all carry out technical education in ordinary school education, and are not professional technical education institutions specialized in imparting technical skills. At that time, graduates could directly enter the upper middle class families in Britain as a family service personnel, engaged in basic household affairs, for example, responsible for household cleaning and environmental cleaning, washing clothes and equipment, valet, farm management, yard care and other miscellaneous work.

In this period, the UK is still dominated by the traditional ordinary education, and the professional education is still in its infancy. The development of the domestic service education in the UK is also in its infancy. The training of domestic service personnel is mainly carried out through apprenticeship system and a small number of professional education schools with the nature of poverty relief. Nevertheless, education can help people from poor families get the opportunity to receive education. By receiving basic technical skills training in housekeeping, they can get on the job and get economic remuneration.

Starting from the 1860s, the industrial revolution began in Britain. On the one hand, large machine production destroyed the foundation of rural family economy and forced a large number of women to move out of traditional handicraft production and have nothing to do to become surplus labor force. On the other hand, the change of production mode also makes women lose the economic basis of earning income and have no place to live. This, to some extent, leads women from the countryside to the city to find new opportunities to earn a living, and domestic economics has become the main employment field suitable for women.

As a special social group in British history, the emergence and growth of the British middle class are also closely related to the development of domestic economics education. The English middle class was created in the late 17th century and formed in the 18th century. In the 19th century, the British economy and society developed rapidly, the social class was sharply divided, and the middle class rose rapidly. The middle class in Britain is mainly engaged in non-manual labor, with a stable income, a decent life, and a high standard of family life. At the same time, during this period, middle class women wanted to be freed from heavy housework and enjoy a comfortable family life. Therefore, the unique family concept, family culture, family material lifestyle and entertainment lifestyle of the British middle class constitute the distinctive family cultural life of the middle class. Among them, the employment of servants was an extremely prominent typical feature of the middle class in the family life style in the Victorian period. To some extent, this is not only to meet the needs of real family life, but also regarded as a symbol of dignity and status, and a psychological need to maintain social status. In Victorian times, there were more domestic workers than ever before.

The social division of labor leads to the continuous growth of surplus labor force, the rise of the British middle class and the uniqueness of family life style, which all put forward higher requirements for the development of domestic economics education and the cultivation of domestic economics talents. The traditional education mode of apprenticeship production for training domestic service personnel can no longer meet the needs of social and economic development. Therefore, under the stimulation and promotion of various comprehensive factors, education began to develop in the British domestic service profession, which is mainly manifested in the following two aspects. The professional education organization established by the city council of London plays an important role in domestic service education, mainly including the "craft center school", evening school, college of machinery and college of workers established by the city council of London in 1896.

Night school is mainly divided into primary night school and senior night school two forms. The course content of primary night school is mainly to impart basic literacy and calculation cultural knowledge, while the teaching content of advanced night school is relatively extensive, which not only includes basic cultural knowledge, but also lays more emphasis on the education professional skills of homemaking, emphasizing the cultivation of skilled homemaking practitioners. In 1880, the London metropolitan board of trade established the technical education association to provide financial support for night schools providing professional education, which promoted the rapid development of night schools in Britain at the end of the 19th century and formed a certain scale, becoming one of the main forms of education for domestic economics in Britain. According to the census statistics, in 1851, there were at least 1 545 adult night schools in England. By 1901, there were 546 405 students attending night schools in Britain, among whom domestic workers accounted for the majority. After the 19th century, the total number of mechanical college reached 63,830.

At this stage, the recruitment objects of professional education institutions include two different types of domestic service education groups, which are the school-age children between the ages of 14 and 16 and those who have been engaged in domestic service industry and need to accept education. At the same time, the people who accept education come from different social classes, most of them come from poor rural families and working class families, and a small number of them come from middle class families. Their purpose of accepting education of homemaking is not the same. The purpose of education of lower-class families is to improve their professional skills in handling household affairs through homemaking training, so as to get a satisfactory job. For the group from the middle and upper class families, the domestic service profession education can not only make full preparations for the future family life, but also improve the cultural quality and obtain the opportunity to continue to accept education.

Education courses for domestic economics are mainly conducted in night classes, mechanical colleges, workers' colleges and other institutions.

Education courses for homemaking career offered by night schools mainly include writing, reading, arithmetic, sewing, etc. These courses not only emphasize the learning of basic knowledge, but also pay attention to skill transmission, focus on indoctrination of family-centered concept, and cultivate the attitude towards family. At the same time, under the influence of the trade union movement, domestic service trade unions and associations have also been established to carry out cultural knowledge and labor skills for the public. Evening classes also offer classes in sewing and patient care. Although night school opens domestic economics profession education course content is simple, course is few, teaching level is lower, management is opposite also not standard, but, the study time of night school is in the evening more, more agile, get on-the-job teenager so extensive welcome. In addition, these courses have improved the level of cultural knowledge and basic vocational skills from the lower class family groups and played a certain role in improving their employment status.

Compared with night classes, the courses of mechanical college and workers college are more diversified. The pursuit of respectability was a major feature of the middle-class way of life in England. The middle class pays special attention to diet, which is the largest part of the family budget. Dress is also a very important aspect of their requirements to always keep the dress bright, bright and clean. And, middle class is opposite the adornment of the house is extremely exquisite also, in their opinion, the function of furniture is to use not only, and still be a kind of show and enjoy, in order to reflect domestic savor and position. In addition, paying great attention to social communication and social etiquette was also a feature of middle-class lifestyle at that time. They would often hold dinner parties at home. Thus, according to the different division of labor and responsibility of the middle classes for housekeeping service needs, mechanical college and workers college courses in more widespread, mainly include reading, writing, arithmetic, history, grammar, music, freehand and adornment, cutting, sewing, cooking, practice, patient care, infant care, family management and family accounts, etc., in which the proportion of domestic vocational courses two-thirds. Teachers are part-time butlers with rich experience. They not only teach students the basic knowledge and practical skills of various family affairs, but also provide students with valuable opportunities to contact butlers who serve the middle class in Britain.

Since a small number of students in the college of machinery and the college of workers come from middle class families, the college also offers education courses for domestic economics profession that are suitable for this group according to their different social backgrounds and education purpose, that is, the course of "lady from the family" for middle class women. The subjects of these courses were mainly young women. In 1851, for example, 162 of the 253 students at Manchester college were under the age of 14. The basic cultural courses mainly include reading, writing, grammar, philosophy, geography, history, etc. The courses related to domestic economics education keep changing with the development of The Times and the requirements of the society. The original domestic economics courses include music, piano, painting, plants and clothing. In the Victorian period, with the vigorous development of culture and art, the upper class paid attention to the high-end and exquisite quality of life, so formal banquet has become an occasion that pays attention to social etiquette. Thus, in 1851, the college opened a morning dance class, focusing on teaching women about middle-class social etiquette. In the 1860s, physical training became a new course in college, which could help students improve their physical quality and was considered an indispensable and important way to improve women's health and quality of life. Although the education course of homemaking profession is constantly changing, the core course content and education purpose have not changed, and these homemaking courses strengthen the characteristics of women. Teach basic family management skills, not only pay attention to improve the comfort of family life, cultivate personal taste and self-cultivation, ready for into the future of family life, and by accepting education, make students improve the knowledge level, have the opportunity to continue to accept education, and get the possibility to the flow of the higher level of society.

During this period, education, the domestic service profession in Britain, developed to a certain extent. Education institutions of the profession increased continuously, and the level of education was also improved. At the same time, the contents of homemaking courses are extensive and diverse. However, education, a homemaking profession, has a distinct hierarchy, which to some extent hinders the children of ordinary families from mastering more comprehensive homemaking skills. Nevertheless, domestic service education improves the employment situation, meets the large demand of the middle class for domestic service talents, and promotes the social and economic development of Britain.

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