北美作业代写：The first duty of a view

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The first duty of a view，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了天职观。天职观是16世纪欧洲新教伦理的本质内涵，是资本主义文化的构成基础。究其根本，天职观与资本主义精神的内在关系起了很大的作用，而这种作用往往不仅仅只体现在精神层面，在物质、政治维度也会有所体现。甚至到如今，天职观对于现代市场经济的发展与不断完善也起着不可忽略的推动作用。

In the protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism, weber mainly discusses the internal relation between a nation's spiritual and cultural temperament and its social and economic development. Of cause and effect during the existence and development for roughly: European religious reform movement in the 16th century, the core content for christians to god "justified by line" into "justification by faith", namely Christian communication with god, the holy induction need not after the order system and red tape, as long as the existence of a god in your heart, faith and comfortable in the heart; One of the most important ways to get god's glory is to make money, thinking that "individuals have the responsibility to increase their own capital, and increasing capital is the goal. Violation of its norms is regarded as forgetting responsibility "; Making money is a virtue, a reflection of ability, and this is the concept of duty. The doctrine of duty is the essence of protestant ethics and the foundation of capitalist culture.

The religious reform movement in the 16th century was an important turning point in the development of western rationalism. At the beginning of the Martin Luther religious reform that professional is engaged in the production of labor gain wealth secular behavior, it is only the body's own thing, no such thing as good or bad, is morally neutral. Since then, with the deepening reformation and attacked the catholics to the "distortion" of the gospels, catholics believe happiness to the ideas of the afterlife is negative, escape, perform professional labor should be regarded as a kind of external manifestation of belief in god, and put forward the pursuit of earthly wealth accumulation. Admittedly, this kind of change of thinking is valuable, but it is only from the form of recognition of the church, did not form the professional concept and the spirit of capitalism. Subsequently, calvins in northern Europe further reformed Christianity to form a professional concept. The religious reform of calvinism was essentially secular asceticism, and proposed the idea of "predestination", which divided believers into pariahs and voters. It is believed that the present success of a person is mainly reflected by the commercial competition, and the social activities of christians are all for the glory of god. Duty is the moral embodiment of good, the only means to gain god's favor and become a voter. Therefore, only by working hard can believers be favored by god and become "voters". All sectors of society, including capitalists and workers, have put their lives on hold in production. Such behavior has greatly promoted the vigorous and orderly development of capitalism. For Calvin spirit connotation of religious reform, the author give full affirmation, because of its combines human and buddhist doctrine is reasonable, unity of purpose and methods, with the fanatical religious beliefs provide spiritual support for the capitalist business sense, this kind of spirit motive force in the field of religion from largely for the capitalism development has played a catalytic role. And Calvin says "asceticism" is not a pure nothing, but precious little time within reasonable dimensions, frugal and cautious, embodied in the management of institutionalization, efficiency, which is an important part of the spirit of capitalism.

In "the protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism", Max weber thinks capitalist industrial interest and people's success in secular economic activity there is a certain relationship with Christian protestant background, both influence each other, interact with each other. Differed from the Catholic protestant doctrine in the intrinsic mechanism of the biggest difference is that in religiosity, penance afterlife, on the basis of asceticism buddhist doctrine, but protestant ethic in each dimension reflects the positive enterprising, hard work, sleek capitalist spirit it largely promote the great development of prosperity of capitalism. , investigate its fundamental duty concept and the spirit of capitalism played a major role in the internal relations, and this effect is often not only embodied in the spirit, will also be reflected in material and political dimension.

"The concept of duty" as the core content of the protestant ethic and the precious little time, diligence, credit, thrift, fair as the main form of capitalist spirit there is close contact in the spiritual dimension, further interaction relationship can also be called. Protestant ethic as a guiding ideology in the field of thought, a kind of psychological driving force supporting the secular economic activity of the capitalism provides the rationality and legitimacy, the spirit of capitalism by moral identity; The systematic, reasonable and institutionalized management derived from the capitalist spirit in the actual production and life has promoted the smooth operation of modern capitalist industry and commerce to a large extent. In addition, weber proposed that the protestants believed that capital accumulation was in obedience to god's will and that unreasonable waste would deprive god of his favor.

The essence of the concept of duty of concepts in the protestant ethic "to make money for virtue" is to enjoy life happy matter, but a more special properties "asceticism", banning unplanned, incoherent, excessive economic behavior; It is not to forbid economic behavior, but to make systematic arrangement, orderly arrangement, formatted management and reasonable budget within the rational dimension. The protestant asceticism ethics is not only the entry into the wto provides a reasonable capitalist entrepreneurs, persuasive moral energy and mental driving force, in economic development, operations management, also play a real role: rigorous, rational and coherent management mode, improves the production efficiency of the economy, enterprise management; The rational use of resources and accurate capital investment are conducive to the expansion of reproduction. In the modern market economy order, as long as you do it legally, making money is the result and expression of professional virtue and ability. As is known to all, weber within the scope of the academic world is not just as a philosopher, social scientist, a political scientist, but also as an economist in the field of a more macro widely influenced the academic, social and other fields. It is precisely because weber has integrated the relevant content of various academic fields, that he can put forward unique views. Because of the reformation of the unique protestant ethic, have adapted to the spirit of capitalism, capitalism may be booming, appear such as stocks, bonds, funds, futures and other economic concepts.

The concept of duty plays a positive role in politics for the legitimacy of capitalism. All classes, including the bourgeoisie, the proletariat, capitalists and workers. The owners of capital get their wealth through management and get their glory. The working class believed that becoming the capitalist ideal worker could fulfill the mission of secular activities. The concept of vocation infiltrates into the capitalist ideology, rationalizes exploitation and being exploited, and becomes moral, thus alleviating class contradictions to a certain extent.

About the protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism, the inner link, Max weber more discussed from the perspective of idealism. , he argues, 16th century protestant reformation led to the birth, the protestant by "justification by faith", the core idea of forming a large number of positive's entry into wto, by secular economic activity to be god "voters" protestants, formed in ideological concept of "duty"; This positive wto accession, the spirit of asceticism in the actual production and life for them precious little time, honesty, thrift, rational, and other virtues, these virtues, gradually evolved into a social class ethos, the spirit of capitalism. The positive role of capitalism in ideas has promoted the rapid development of capitalism. However, Marx and Engels in the "German ideology", one of the most important is the center of the argument productivity and production relations, the contradiction between economic basis and superstructure. According to the materialist view of history, all we can accept is that it is the industrial revolution, the new technology and the great development of the productive forces that promote the real development of capitalism. The author thinks that, on the basis of historical materialism, the industrial revolution promoted the development of the productive forces, the development of class relations continued to deepen, the bourgeoisie, emerged a large number of capitalists. Capital owners to obtain a bigger benefit, constantly sum up experience in the process of engaging in activities of capital, as adapted to gain more profit target, form some virtue, namely the spirit of capitalism. As a result, the author thinks that the cause of the rise of capitalism is not original in religious reform, but in the presence of, material level, and the productive forces and production relations, the contradiction between economic basis and superstructure.

Webber in discussing "capitalism" and "spirit" of capitalism in the ins and outs of the generation, only from dimension of "religious" this theme entirely attributable to the clues "protestant", ignore the protestant this subject in the important role in the development of capitalism. The reformation, the Renaissance and the rational spirit of bud is consistent, the mid 16th century to the 20th century Europe Renaissance movement, also to a large extent on the capitalist sprout certain catalytic effect. Profound literary works, brilliant arts and crafts, political views that have been abandoned, and philosophical works that have been ahead of The Times People begin to attach importance to life, highlight their own life wisdom, and oppose the negative attitude of avoiding the world and doing nothing. Weber from these largely European capitalism spirit completely due to "protestant", due to the reformation, neglected in the Renaissance, the moral, political, artistic, the significant influence of objective factors for the rise of capitalism.

Modern capitalism is a mature product of the evolution of contract economy and credit economy. Therefore, its inner spiritual driving force, the core connotation of protestant ethics, "duty view", plays an important role in promoting the development and improvement of modern market economy. At present, China's economic and social development is at an important stage of transformation, the process is accompanied by risk, each main body involved in the society, the interests of the principal will need to get the corresponding guarantee. On the basis of this, the demands of the contemporary economic society on people have also changed correspondingly, requiring the way of thinking and behavior of social individuals to adapt to the needs of the market economy.

Largely because of the market economy, the basic concept is derived from the western society, its root has a strong religious color, therefore, to perfect China's social and economic system suitable for their own development, building a conforms to China's national conditions, the socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics, is bound to have a kind of spiritual and cultural temperament. In modern China, of course, be already can't from religious dimension to reforms, to match, you will need to directly with the aid of western capitalist spirit essence, the reasonable core of "duty" to build and perfect the system of socialist economy with Chinese characteristics. The same entrepreneurial spirit we should learn about the pilgrims, wuxi in the work, innovation, hard work, relentless forward, never content with pleasure, unproductive, ineffective, rest, stop.

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