北美作业代写：The economy of green buildings

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The economy of green buildings，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了绿色建筑的经济性。绿色建筑是当前可持续发展战略在建筑领域的具体体现，其前景和优势都非常明显。绿色建筑的经济性可以通过经济价值直接体现。对于绿色建筑来说，其经济性表现为节能带来使用成本的降低等直接的经济收益，还有为环境影响减少所带来的间接的环境效益，借助一定区域表现这种环境收益。

Green architecture is the concrete embodiment in the field of sustainable development strategy in construction, its prospect and advantages are very obvious, but is insufficient prophase investment is higher, the short-term benefit, risk and the influence of such factors as constraints, leading to developers, investors, builders are reluctant to adopt new technology, make its still stasis in the concrete practice. As for the economy of green buildings, this paper USES relevant technologies to analyze and verify the economic benefits of green buildings so as to further promote the sustainable development of green buildings.

For the economy of green building, usually, main show is: green building economy through economic value, directly to the economic value can be through the financial costs and benefits calculation simple calculation. For example, in the construction stage, the investment of thermal insulation exterior walls, energy-saving Windows and other technical measures is the economic cost of energy conservation of green buildings, while the benefit is mainly the economic value of energy conservation in the use stage. The economy of green building can be reflected indirectly through environmental value. For environmental value, it is necessary to quantify environmental pollution, which will be converted into economic value, environmental value, for example, in terms of environmental benefits, usually converts green building energy saving of standard coal, at the same time into the pollution gas emissions, according to the cost of pollution, evaluate the environmental value. Under the influence and restriction of information asymmetry and system boundary uncertainty, it is difficult to quantify environmental value, and it is not easy to calculate accurately. The economy of green building is hidden through social value. By analyzing the development of international green buildings, green buildings originated in the 1970s. They are the products of the green movement in the west. Green movement advocating environmental consciousness, and contains the social justice in the environmental awareness, green building of the values is a critique of the current economic system, its advocacy of environmental benefits and the pursuit of social justice, green buildings to reduce the environmental impact needs public foster a sense of responsibility.

The so-called external effects, in a nutshell, is in the process of actual production and operation, the activities of the producers of the impact of other consumers, usually it is a kind of cost or benefits spillover. For green building, its economy on the one hand, is characterized by energy saving on the use of lower cost and other direct economic benefits, on the other hand to reduce the environmental impact caused by indirect environmental benefits, with the help of certain areas are the environmental benefits. Green buildings require investment in technology costs, and the society shares the environmental benefits of green buildings, namely the external effects of green buildings.

Time effect refers to the happen now with the same amount of costs and benefits, compared to the value of future costs and benefits are relatively low, generally, the longer the time apart, its present value will be smaller. Discounting is the process of adjusting future costs and benefits to present value. The reasons why people use discount mainly include two aspects: time preference and opportunity cost of capital. The so-called time preference refers to that everyone likes to benefit before spending, while the opportunity cost of capital refers to the higher value of capital now than the same amount in the future.

Considering the impact of green buildings on the environment from the whole life cycle of buildings, generally, it mainly includes the collection, processing, transportation, construction, use and decomposition of building materials. Take the energy consumption of buildings as an example. Compared with buildings, the energy consumed by building materials is equivalent to the total energy consumed by building materials for 3-5 years. The energy consumed in the use of buildings mainly includes energy consumption in heating, air conditioning, ventilation and other aspects. Of the total energy consumption of buildings, the energy consumption of heating and air conditioning ventilation accounts for about two-thirds. Therefore, improve building thermal performance usually can cause long-term economic benefits, in this process, although can increase the part of the building materials and energy consumption, but compared with the cost of building phase or less.

To 2000, both the housing area in China, the city has reached 7.66 billion m2, 20.04 billion m2 of rural, which can achieve only 180 million m2, building energy efficiency design standards of heating accounts for only 0.6% of the total urban and rural construction area. It accounts for 2.3% of the urban building area, and most of it belongs to high-energy buildings. Ordinary office building in Beijing as an example, a building annual average power consumption of 40 ~ 60 kw. The original h/m2, 10000 m2 construction, if achieve the goal of energy saving 50%, electricity can save 164600 ~ 246900 yuan a year, the economic value of its 20 years of life cycle can reach more than 450 ten thousand yuan. According to incomplete statistics, issued by the ministry of construction to the town a total of 2002 completed energy-saving building area of 320 million m2, achieve energy saving 10.94 million t of standard coal, direct economic benefits of energy saving is about 4.46 billion yuan, the average per square meters building area of energy saving efficiency is 13.94 yuan each year.

In terms of per capita occupancy of water resources, China is relatively low. In the world ranking, China ranks 88th, 1/4 of the world average level, and its per capita occupancy is only 2300m3/ year. In time and space, the uneven distribution of water resources in China, one of the south of the Yangtze river and drainage, the basin area accounted for about 36.5% of the land area, but 81% of the country's water resources quantity; The huaihe river and its northern catchment area accounts for 63.5 percent of the country's total area, but only 19 percent of water resources. At the same time, our country is influenced by monsoon climate, rainfall years, uneven distribution of rainfall, for most of the region, continuous rainfall accounts for about 70% in the year and four months in 670 cities across the country, lead to more than 400 cities appear different degree of water shortage phenomenon, water deficit of 6 billion m3. Saving water means, on the one hand, that consumers can reduce their spending and enterprises can increase their output value; on the other hand, they can reduce the investment in infrastructure and reduce environmental pollution. Moreover, the overall economic benefit of building water saving is obvious. Currently, China builds 500 million m2 of new residential buildings every year. According to statistics, the water consumption is about 1 billion m3/ year. If the comprehensive water-saving rate of newly-built residential areas reaches 30%, the newly-built residential areas alone can save more than 300 million m3 of water each year, and the annual water-saving rate will be about 3 billion m3 10 years later. Equivalent to the "south-north water transfer" Beijing and tianjin annual water transfer total.

In recent years, with the continuous development of China's construction industry, the consumption scale of building materials is very large. , according to authoritative organization in the process of building houses, two-thirds of the cost of building belongs to the cost of raw materials: a year construction material consumption accounts for the total consumption of steel, wood, cement accounted for 25%, 40% and 25% respectively. The nonrenewable natural mineral, fossil resources for the most part in building materials, in addition, compared with the developed countries, our country architectural engineering material consumptions level is still low, then increased to a certain extent the material consumption, and increasing environmental pressures.

Compared with energy saving, water saving, material saving, because the section to the strategy of economic value to a certain extent, is not expressed in the form of direct, are likely to benefit multiple levels at the same time, further increased the assessment of the green building to the complexity of the strategy of economy. Implementation of the strategy in rhythmic usually need to be done by means of macro control, whether region in rhythmic planning, establish construction index, or provide the incentive policy, etc., often require the government to take more responsibility, real estate development institutions eventually to select land for development and make the final decision, so the government and the organizations of the real estate development strategy in rhythmic green building construction decision-making is the impact the main factors of economic value. For design institutions, its main role is to further help them to adjust the differences in goals through micro design Suggestions, so as to form a win-win decision on environment and economy.

In terms of environmental protection, green buildings mainly include macro and micro levels. At the macro level, its environmental protection means to further reduce the consumption of energy and resources and reduce the emission of harmful wastes through effective strategies. On the micro level, its environmental protection mainly refers to the healthy and comfortable indoor environment. At the micro level, the environmental protection strategy of green buildings mainly involves: to strive for natural lighting, design a scientific and reasonable orientation; Ensure the openness of architectural vision; Effectively resist or reduce the external environment, construction equipment and other noise interference; In order to ensure a healthy and comfortable indoor air quality and suitable thermal comfort, the thermal protection performance and natural ventilation of the building are comprehensively considered.

For the green building "external costs", usually include: the cost of the control environmental pollution, indoor air pollution harm people's health, therefore, employees need to leave, break, on the one hand, increased the economic burden of employee, on the other hand reduces the operating efficiency of the enterprise.

Because people about 90% of the time every day is spent in building the indoor, and usually construction the pollution of indoor air quality of 10 to 100 times that of outdoor air, so bad indoor environment will seriously affect the user's health and working efficiency. A large number of studies have shown that the indoor environment optimization strategy of green buildings can effectively improve users' comfort, health and work efficiency.

Under the background of advocating green building and promoting sustainable economic environment and social development, the design, development and evaluation of green building are in the ascendant. However, the development of green building is slow, which is due to people's insufficient understanding of the economy of green building. Above by using economic and technical related theory analysis of the efficiency of the green building, hope attention sustainable development thought, to realize the promotion of the green building and development is in today's work, cabinet business, and promote the rapid development of green building in China.

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