作业代写：Online populism

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Online populism，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了网络民粹主义。作为民粹主义思潮的典型表现形式，“网络民粹主义”因网络而生，由网络而传。“网络”这一媒介限定，使得我们以传播学的视角审思“民粹主义”这一政治议题变得顺理成章。“网络民粹主义”是民粹主义思潮在互联网空间的映射与延伸，不是网络与民粹主义的简单相加。经由民粹主义在网络的放大、扩散，网络民粹主义传播以其极端的平民崇拜、反精英、反权威影响和冲击着网络世界和现实社会。

As a typical manifestation of the populist trend in China, "network populism" is generated by the network and transmitted by the network. The media limit of "network" makes it easy for us to consider the political issue of "populism" in the perspective of communication.

"Populism", also known as populism and populism, originated from the social trends and political practices of Russia and the United States in the middle and late 19th century. It is a social and political phenomenon with historical recurrence and is the product of modernization. Populism has six core themes: the representative politics, people's centralized, without core values, strong reaction to the crisis, because of its own contradiction and self limitations, changes over the environment. Chinese scholars generally believe that the generalized populism is a general term for social thought, social movement, political strategy, etc. In a narrow sense, it refers to a social trend of thought. This paper takes its narrow sense and defines "network populism" on this basis.

"Network nationalism" is the populist ideological trend in the Internet space mapping and outspread, not simple addition of network and populist, cannot see a network without thought populism, cannot consider only populism and ignore the special medium of the Internet properties. Grasps "the technology" social interaction theory point of view, and network populism is an emphasis on "people" and "elite" binary opposition of network and network behavior, promoting integrity and homogeneity of the people, it criticized as people opposite the social elite and shelter their current system, advocated political should express the common will of the people. Through the amplification and diffusion of populism in the Internet, the spread of Internet populism is influenced by its extreme civilian worship, anti-elite, anti-authority and impact on the online world and the real society.

With the wide use of network media, "populist" named after the "media and political ideological trend of" form of communication, researchers in many disciplines such as political science and sociology attract. In 2009, scholars like tao wenzhao and guo zhongjun took the lead in using the concept of "Internet populism" and gave warning signs to the society in the first sight of political science research. Behind, ting-ting yuan, zhou and other scholars to the perspective of political science of network nationalism ideology, the government governance, such as Angle analysis, and the proposed resolution populism negative influence of network plan. The communication scholars such as xia zhongmin and feng yueji are good at the analysis of semiotics and diffusion theory of innovation, and the communication mechanism of network nationalism is studied in combination with specific cases. It is worth noting that represented by liang-rong, Jackie chan, researchers not only continue to focus on network populist political movement and transmission principle, but also in political science, communication of discourse. In addition, there are scholars from the perspective of social psychology, narrative science and other methods such as empirical research and cultural studies.

It is important to note that the current study is to network more populist spread phenomenon description and background, so the paper from the essential characteristics of transmission network populism, think about the necessity of its emergence, and from the aspects of subject and object to explore the law of necessity. In addition, based on the Internet media attribute and the "awkward uncertainty of the concept" of populism, the development trend of network populism is considered, and the probabilistic judgment is tried.

Since Hegel's classical dialectics, the evolution and development of things in the natural and social fields have their inevitability and contingency. Necessity is rooted in the internal affairs of things, and determines the direction of evolution and development of things, and a great deal of contingency is manifested in the outside of things, affecting the details. Necessity always opens the way for itself in an unconscionable manner, on an endless surface of chance.

If the network platform and blogs, microblogging and other personal opinion expression is coincidence in the development of science and technology achievements, Shanghai "fishing enforcement" events, shaanxi "room elder sister", guo conspicuous complicity "Red Cross" events "for piao death", and Beijing, hebei shot evictions yuwang case is the accident in the process of social development, such as those heels accidental factors and it is for the "populist" spreading way of necessity of the rise.

This inevitability is based on the social background of the rise of populism, and also based on the popularization of the Internet.

Populism is a history of recurrent social political phenomenon, it is the product of modern, at the same time, it was a profound tendency of modernity, such as against liberalism and anti-establishment, elite, anti-globalization, etc. Since 2012, there has been a general trend in the political right of various countries in the world, and the populist trend has played to the social reality such as slowing economic growth, widening gap between rich and poor, and aggravating the crisis of globalization. The problems of refugees, employment, corruption and national disputes have further aggravated social contradictions and made populist appeals more and more popular. And the spread of the Internet has made the call louder, wider and more resonant. In 2016, the number of Internet users in the world reached 3.5 billion, accounting for half of the global population. The number of Internet users in China is 731 million and Internet penetration is 53.2%.

Its Internet base dimension exponential growth means that network transmission, information communication become more convenient and more frequent, populists in the global village TongShengXiangQiu, populist calls to more quickly and widely conduction, populism transmission network become inevitable.

The inevitability of the rise of network populism is rooted in the inevitable integration of the essence of populism and network communication.

Wander across the populist history and the history of media, although newspapers and pamphlets in Russian, American populist movement for populist create conditions for the spread of Hitler used radio and provoked the civil war, the Italian media giant seaver ? silvio berlusconi has used TV for political mobilization, known as "TV populist," but never a medium with populist so cozy, which has given rise to a new populism form - network populism. The essential integration of populism and network communication lies in its essence. The essence of populism is embodied in three aspects: grass-roots, irrational and critical. "Grass-root" is embodied in advocating "people first" and advocating common people's position. "Irrationality" is reflected in the simple binary opposites, the enemy of the enemy, the vendetta, and the language of violence. "Critical" is embodied in the anti-liberal and anti-representative system, advocating collectivism and direct democracy.

However, the network communication is highly consistent with its essential characteristics. First, the network as a medium of barriers to entry the minimum bottom and the social elite indistinguishably into the network, and because of the number of large and become a mainstream of the network, so as to make the network become the most popular form of media, perfect docking populist "grassroots". Second, as a space - biased medium, the network aims to spread further and reach a wider range. A calm and rational voice requires a logical, well-chosen expression, and a higher requirement for the time and energy of the recipient. Therefore, the Internet language is a simple, rough and unsolved. In order to attract the eyeball, the information disseminator pursues stimulation and sensationalism.

Populist irrational binary become a common expression of cyberspace, such as "brick house" "beast" are very popular among Internet users is the against the authority and the elite language, such as "rose again to the birth of your son" "tsinghua doctor can't afford to buy a suite of Beijing", such as strengthening social contradictory article also is easy to push and assist.

As an equal and decentralized medium of technology, the network has transformed the vertical transmission structure of the media into a network plane type communication structure.

The "flat" network learned scholar and an voice can also be heard, star image can also be seen, with 10-year fighting by damage can be insulted and misunderstood and can be ignored. Owen ? goff man "quasi drama theory" in social interaction "front" and "background" are no longer distinct. Mei lowe, described in the electronic age of "convergence" scene not only those in the traditional media glittering social elite to pull down from the altar, and his daily life's side to present to the public. The populists' criticality has been used, and the anonymity of the Internet has further increased the appeal of the "net of equality", giving them the power of discourse hegemony. Populism may affect political core layer is the reality, netizens concern of social public affairs to some extent promoted the information public, transparent, but also to some extent affect the political law fairness and equality.

So, it is in the populist ideological trend up, network under the premise of dissemination of the same nature "flat" network and promote the "civilian" populist ideological trend to realize the inevitable fusion, populism transmission network.

The rise of populism transmission network, network public opinion has become an important part of social public opinion, a considerable number of people the network public opinion, as an indicator of social mood judgement, equate netizens attitude with public opinion. US President Donald trump's appearance on the stage of the American social elite has also caused the Chinese Internet to "eat the people" to applaud. So is this a tribute to American populists by Chinese Internet populists? Turn on the Internet, look around, the news that the enemy official qiu fu is used to send tens of thousands of messages, there is no lack of anti-party anti-social commentary, this is the Chinese Internet populism spreading in the direction of polarization? The answer to the question is that "yes" scholars have come up with a series of measures to suppress and diffuse the spread of Internet populism. Here, we according to leibniz "possible world" modal logic, for the future trend of the spread of the network nationalism make analysis judgment: if "network populism will go polarization" this proposition in all the world is true, the inevitable "network populism will go polarization" is true. When this proposition is false in at least one possible world, it may be true that "net populism does not become polarised".

Not to mention in the network is replaced by other media may be the world, or in a populist into extreme nationalism, conservatism trend may be the world, the concept of "network nationalism" will cease to exist. From the existing network media properties and laws to analyze, the original proposition may be false, "network populism will not go towards polarization" may be true.

First of all, it should be noted that in the inevitability of the rise of online populism, populism comes first, and network communication comes second. It is populism that has chosen the web, not the Internet. The Internet is just an intermediary. Populism is at the core of the spread of online populism. Populism may be polarized, but online populism is not. In the process of amplifying each other, people have turned their attention to the real media form of network populism, rather than the political ideological trend.

As a political tool with no core values and "hollowing out", populism is nearly a century ahead of the Internet. Paul ? tower gerth called it "a kind of paroxysmal, against political, hollowing out," crisis banner of chameleon.

And the "free market" of opinion in the network, various political genre he peddled his own point of view, ideology can be, but not a point can be gained in the flow of information are stretched overwhelming, let alone is famous for its "chameleon" populism. Because the characteristics of network media is "flat", the advantage of network communication is fast rather than profound, and the performance of network cognition is to quickly accept and quickly forget. According to Wilbur ? schramm put forward the formula of probability is the guarantee of reward is divided by the degree of effort is equal to the probability of selection. People always choose the medium that is most convenient and quick to meet their needs.

So it is not the Internet age that has led to a populist explosion, but populism that happens to find a niche that fits with it. Network populism will spread with the changes in the real world nationalism trend of change, but because of the Internet users dispersion, anonymity and virtual sex, it is difficult to realize with the size of the extreme social movement. Some scholars have found that only a few incidents can generate online action or offline actions through empirical analysis of 300 network public events between 1995 and 2015. Therefore, it is unfavorable to exaggerate its destructive and impact on social order.

The rise of online populism is already a fact, though not necessarily polarized, but it can also cause social unrest due to the extreme noise of social pressure. Only when the "people" advocated by populists enter the communist society, all people are equal, and the world is the same, and the populists will die out. Until then, we need to be vigilant about cyber-populism and do what should be done.

On the one hand, the correct understanding of the spread of Internet populism. Although the network is a virtual world, there are countless relationships between the real world and the real world. Between the inevitable rise of online populism and the probabilistic trend, it is real. Irrational, disguised as "public will" "the meaning" subject to reverse the spread of content, unlimited value-added capacity of network transmission channels, as the "silent majority" were emotional irritated audience, a carnival of transmission, the rational away. This is the whole process of network populism spreading practice. As a kind of reality, we can't because of the negative factors and to eliminate, but in the mapping of the real world ease social contradictions, narrowing the gap between rich and poor, cultivating responsible citizens, building rational "public sphere".

On the other hand, based on the practical value judgment, the grass-root sex can be converted into citizenship, and the irrationality is transformed into rationality, and the critical transformation is the rational distribution of the discourse power. Walter ? weng, points out that humans have the ability to build the real community. In such a community, people share the inner, the Shared interaction. The community can be a mediator between social and individual conflicts, which can lead to the realization of social consensus. The formation of the community may be the solution to the online populism.

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