International definition of water scarcity-essay代写

留学生essay代写精选范文：“International definition of water scarcity”，这篇论文讨论了国际上对缺水的定义。水是生命之源，地球上的任何生命都离不开水，所以水资源对于大家来说是非常重要的。而国际上对于缺水还没有一个完整的定义，大家一般都是使用缺水迫切指数法，就是根据一个区域的人口可获得的水资源来定义缺水的程度。

Owing to the lack of adequate water for humans and the environment, water scarcity has become an increasingly serious problem in many countries. Consequently, the term water scarcity has often emerged in the media, government reports, and meetings of international organizations such as non-governmental organizations, the United Nations and OECD, as well as academic reports, highlighting their level of concern in the area of water resources.

However, despite the frequent use of water scarcity, there is no complete definition of water scarcity internationally, and there is no consensus on how to measure water scarcity. This could lead to confusion and not conducive to the solution of water resources problems. To reduce this confusion, here are some of the latest and most commonly used definitions of water scarcity internationally.

Internationally, the most commonly used indicator of water shortage is the blessing indicator method, or the lack of water pressing index method. This method is based on the amount of water resources available to the population in a region to define the extent of water shortage and the measurement of water shortage is described by measuring the amount of renewable freshwater per person per year. If a country's renewable water is less than 1700 cubic metres per person per annum, it says the country will face water shortages, and if it is below 1000 cubic metres, the country is in a state of water scarcity, and if it is below 500 cubic metres, it says the country is in absolute water shortages. Water shortage Index method is often used in the method, because it is the most intuitive method, easy to use, the required data is ready-made.

This simplification, however, has the following limitations: firstly, it ignores regional disparities in the availability of water resources, and only measures water shortages at the national level. Secondly, the availability of certain water resources is not readily defined, for example, some freshwater resources may be stored in the depths of the ground or may have been severely contaminated. Thirdly, this characterization method does not reflect some artificially diluted water sources, such as seawater desalination, which increase the amount of water resources available to people. Lastly, this characterization method does not take into account the fact that different countries, or different regions of the same country, are different from water use, for example in Australia, where most water demand concentrates on the Murray-the main cities and farms centers in the river valley, where there is not much demand for water in sparsely populated urban centers.

Another method for characterizing the degree of water shortage is known as the critical ratio method. This approach discards the assumption that all countries use the same amount of water, but rather uses the ratio of water demand to available water to define the scarcity of water, which is expressed by measuring the amount of water intake per year and the ratio of total available water resources. Using this method, if a country's water intake and the ratio of total available water resources between 20%~40%, it is considered to be in a state of water shortage; if the ratio exceeds 40%, the country is in a state of severe water shortage. This approach avoids the simplistic assumption that countries have the same water requirements, but it also has its limitations: first, the law does not consider the increase in artificial freshwater (for example, seawater desalination), followed by the method ignores recycled reclaimed water, and finally, the law does not take into account the ability of countries to adapt to water shortages through technological innovations.

The third method of measuring water scarcity is formulated by the International Water Management Institute. This approach seeks to address the above-mentioned issues, including the inclusion of water in each country, such as seawater desalination plants, in the range of measurements of the amount available to water resources, including recycled water, rather than the total amount of water. Using this approach, the International Water Management Institute can classify countries as a physical lack of water for the lack of investment in water infrastructure or the use of inefficient countries to meet the water needs of their future countries.

The International Water Management Institute's measurement of water scarcity is more complex, which means more time is needed to assess water resources. This approach also does not take into account the capacity of water shortages to adapt to water shortages by importing agricultural products from other countries or by using water-saving devices. Adaptability also depends on the availability of a country's economic resources. Rich countries, for example, are more likely to adapt to reduced water resources than the poor in developing countries.

The fourth method of measuring water scarcity is the water poverty index method. This approach tries to determine the scarcity of water resources by considering income and wealth. The main considerations are the following factors: water level, water quality and change, for the household, food and production of the purpose of aquatic, water management capacity, environment. The complexity of this approach implies that it is more suited to analysing water shortages in a local area, rather than a state-level lack of water.

Therefore, there is no single definition of water shortage, different measures reflect the different aspects of water shortage, and cannot use one indicator to characterize all aspects of water shortage. The critical ratio of water scarcity characterization method is based on a wide range of assessment of the extent of water scarce. Since the approach does not take into account the impact of technology investment on water safety, the law requires an assessment of the investment benefit factors to analyse the investment capacities of countries. It includes the factors of water shortage investment income, so as to consider the effect of technical capability improvement on water scarcity.

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