马来西亚的非法海上活动-essay代写

留学生essay论文精选范文：“马来西亚的非法海上活动”，这篇论文讨论了马来西亚的非法海上活动。如今，海洋资源早已被人类所利用，用作食物来源、国防部署和交通方式等。而海洋之中也存在一些非法活动，对海洋周边国家造成了经济损失和威胁。马来西亚的非法海上活动，主要有非法捕捞、污水排放、非法走私等。这些非法海上活动，严重威胁了马来西亚人民的生活。

The sea has long been used by humans as a source of food, income of economy, defence and transportation. The recognition of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) which covered 200 nautical miles from the shore giving more responsible to take care the our declared maritime area. Whereby Malaysian Maritime Zone (MMZ) covered the internal waters, territorial sea, continental shelf, EEZ and includes the space over the zone. Malaysia sea territory is almost two times of our land area. It is understood that security, defence and justice for an ocean area approximately equal to its land area.

Geostrategically, Malaysia shares maritime boundaries with Thailand, Brunei, Indonesia, Singapore, the Philippines, Vietnam, China and Taiwan. Malaysia is relatively small, rich in resources and located astride critical international sea lines of communications, the Straits of Malacca and Singapore and the South China Sea.

The Straits of Malacca, half of which falls within Malaysia’s territorial waters, represent one of the world most important sea lanes both from the security and economic perspectives. On the other hand, the Straits of Singapore, which is not only important to Malaysia’s international trade but also to its domestic trade between Peninsular and Sabah/Sarawak. In addition, in view of their geographical link, the security of both straits is indivisible. These areas must be protected and defended at all costs, against any infringement and threats by external powers.

Beside that humans always eager to do something out of the maritime law which nowadays let many type of illegal maritime activities tremendously occurred. In this notes we will discuss about the implication of the illegal maritime activities which will let responsible and action of security parties to prevent endanger to Malaysia and to enhance our maritime security.

Large oil spills from wrecked tankers or simply spills sludge oil by ship are indicated among the most dramatic forms of ocean pollution. As large quantities of oil are transported to the industrialized countries, this form of ocean pollution is likely to increase in importance. Much of the spilled oil like crude oil, refined oil and sludge oil is widely dispersed by waves and tidal currents and deposited on nearby beaches and occasionally on reefs or in wetlands. This obstacle will definitely retard the tourism sector for our country. Usually the beautiful beach will turn to ugly. Seabirds and marine life are also likely to be effected.

Maritime piracy has a history as long as ships have gone to sea. From Captains Blackbeard and Morgan in the Caribbean, to the pirates of Barbary Coast in Africa and the famous “Pirate queen” Cheng I Sao in Asia, the history of the sea is replete with the often-romanticized accounts of the exploits of these iconic figures and their crews. However piracy did not end in the days of the Spanish Main but continues to exist and thrive in the modern period. By the early 1980s the international community had reacted by codifying its position on maritime piracy in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the sea agreeing on a formal definition of piracy and detailing the conditions under which states and vessels should respond. The International Maritime Bureau estimates that maritime piracy costs transport vessels between $13 and $15 billion a year in losses in the waters between the Pacific and Indian Ocean alone. The human costs of maritime piracy are significant. Where sailors were killed, taken as hostage, kidnapped and held for ransom.

Also known as drug smuggling and narcotics trafficking, is defined as the transportation of illegal drugs from one location to another. In some other cases where misuse the travelling permit to supply the prohibited drugs to syndicates inside the country.

Any foreign illegal fishing activities in Malaysian Maritime Zone or which is illegal fishing takes place where vessels operate in violation of the laws of a fishery. Blast fishing is a practice using dynamite to bomb large areas of reef and collect the subsequent dead fish floating in the surface water. It is an extremely quick and effective way of collecting reef fishes however the process inherently destroys stony corals and kills fish and invertebrates in a large surrounding area. The resulting changes may lead to a decrease in the diversity of species through habitat loss or through changes in predator-prey dynamics. Cyanide fishing is becoming widespread throughout Southeast Asia as the live reef fish trade booms. The practice involves using cyanide or other poisons to stun large reef fish underwater so they can be caught alive and sold to the restaurant industry for lucrative prices. The poisons however, kill the larvae of many coral reef organisms and also coral polyps which leads to coral bleaching.

Method of fishing that dragged along the bottom of the sea for fish and shrimp are a potential threat to sub-tidal habitats. Trawling scours the seafloor and leaves scars on soft sediments particularly muddy bottoms. This ways of fishing definitely will retard the growing process and degradation of sea habitats.

Pollution can be described as the introduction by humans of substances or energy that decreases the quality of the environment. Many of these pollutants are artificial substances that do not occur naturally. Dumping of chemical or industrial wastes which produced by local company are released to sea. Domestic sewage carries all kinds of wastewater from homes and city buildings. The vast amounts of sewage that enter the ocean threaten both marine environment and human health. Perhaps the most widespread effect of waste disposal in coastal waters is in making sea life unfit for human consumption or when we go swimming, diving or surfing. Furthermore it will cause a drastic decline in the abundance of sea life. The harmful effects of sewage can be reduced by sewage treatment. Malaysia Environment protection Agency requires by law some form of treatment before sewage is discharge.

These new threats of illegal maritime activities include various types of transnational organized crime, such as drug trafficking, proliferation of small arms, piracy, illegal migration and smuggling of humans and many more. Not only have these increased in frequency but they also have become more multi-faceted and complex in nature, more lethal in tactics, and more difficult to combat. Finally these illegal activities will jeopardise the total safety of the country.

Militarily, Malaysia’s strategic aim is to live and operate as an independent sovereign nation within the complex world community. In order to do this Malaysia must be able to defend itself from interference and destruction through any means including armed attack. This is the bedrock of our security and the most basic responsibility of the government. But there is more that Malaysia Armed Forces can do to prevent attack on our territory than just building up the armed forces. Our armed forces need to be able to do more than simply defend our coastline. We have strategic interests within our EEZ. We have strategic interests and objective at the global and regional levels.

Illicit cross-border flows, such as smuggling of drugs, migrants, weapons, toxic waste and dirty money, have emerged as an increasingly important source of conflict and cooperation among neighbour country. Foreign illegal fishers are frequently apprehended in Malaysian waters, in the last year notably from Vietnam, China and Thailand. The authorities have not been afraid of taking tough measures and have been criticised by neighbouring governments for firing warning shots at poachers. In terms of native fishers, there are persistent problems with cyanide fishing, blast fishing and the use of electric shocks, some of which have resulted in the death of the fishers themselves.

Economically, our offshore economic interests located in the South China Sea are rich in living and non-living resources that have contributed significantly to Malaysia’s economic development. The offshore economic interests refer to the two hundred nautical miles Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and continental shelf surrounding it. The two areas of the EEZ economic significance are Off-shore Hydrocarbon Area off East Coast of the Peninsular and the islands off Sabah and Sarawak. The loss of or disruption to these fields will greatly affect the economic well being of the nation. The fact that part of this portion of the EEZ is within the disputed area will further complicate its security.

The performance of the tourism industry will be affected if maritime illegal prolonged in the Southeast Asian region especially in Malaysian waters. Marine tourism continues to contribute to government revenue, generates employment opportunities, and brings foreign shoppers to Malaysia. In more recent times, the development of Malaysia's marine assets like coastline, islands, and coral reefs has subsequently been given priority by both the government and the private sectors in the country. Offshore islands are becoming increasingly important as tourist destinations. Activities such as sports fishing, boating and sailing, scuba driving and ecotourism have all grown in importance. The marine tourism industry has much to contribute to national economic growth. But to play its role effectively, preservation of the condition of natural assets for the industry to be sustained and must maintain the safety and security marine tourist area without any doubt.

Social. Focuses on illicit drug and human trafficking in Asian countries and examines these categories of transnational crime in the context of a global. The protection of the state and human security against drug and people trafficking will increasingly require effective transnational cooperation and some surrendering of state sovereignty.

The political crisis in any of the nation in the region has the effect such massive flow of migrants searching for safety and protection that will be felt by the neighbouring countries. This challenge will have security implication to Malaysia.

Illegal immigrants could potentially pose a major threat to the internal security of the country and imposes a drain on Malaysia’s currency reserve. Furthermore, previous rioting at the workplace and detention centres in Malaysia by foreign workers caused millions of dollars in damages.

The rising incidence of piracy could have detrimental effects on the region’s economy if the authorities concerned fail to overcome the problem.

Furthermore, extra regional powers have also shown interest in expanding their area of responsibility into Southeast Asia under the pretext of anti-piracy patrols. This could further complicate the region’s security situation.

Malaysia’s defence policy is a manifestation of its goal for the protection of its national strategic interests and the preservation of national security. The defence policy outlines three basic fundamentals namely national strategic interest, principle of defence and concept of defence. It emphasises on the need for the maintenance of a stable and peaceful environment of the immediate areas of its strategic interest.

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