中国大跃进与苏联改革间的区别--留学生essay代写范文

留学生essay代写范文:“中国大跃进与苏联改革间的区别”，这篇论文主要描述的是从古至今，人类一直处于发展进步中，现在我们与过去相比，正站在一个新的世界里。正是这些变化在我们的社会发展中扮演着重要的角色.。改革作为社会变革的重要组成部分，在社会转型的任何时期都发挥着良好的作用.。改革在经济、政治、文学等方面对社会产生了巨大的影响，尽管有时它最终会失败。在转型时期，两个国家之间的改革既有相似之处，也有一些差异。例如，二战后，这里先后有苏联改革和中国大跃进。

Identify the similarities and differences between The Great Leap Forward in China and the Soviet Union reforms of the 1950s
1.0 Introduction
From the ancient times to the present, our human beings have progressed a lot and now we are standing in a new world compared with one in the past. It is just the changes that play an important role in our social development. As an essential part of those changes, reform always functions well in any point of social transformation period. Reform has a great effect on the society in economic, politics, literary aspect, even though sometimes it may fail finally. During the period of transform, there are lots of similarities of the reforms between two different countries as well as some differences even in the same period. For example, after the World war II, there happened successively the Soviet Union Reforms and the Great Leap Forward in China in the 1950s. The paper will put its emphasis on the similarities and differences on those two reforms between China and Soviet Union.
2.0. The background of each country’s reform
After the World War II, every country, with China and Soviet Union included, started its own recovery effort by means of reform, especially in economy. The Soviet also started the socialism reform, known as the Soviet model, which was once seen as the only model of socialism. Soviet socialism actually has two models: one is the new economic policy; one is the Stalinist model. And the latter one is what we Chinese advocated at that time. The Soviet model of Stalin in the 20 century, late 30 early 20 was established. China and other socialist countries, in the initial stage of socialist construction, basically copied the Soviet model. In the following politicians of the Soviet Union, the Stalin’s socialism model was carried out in industry and agriculture, which once made the Soviet Union step forward to the top industrial countries.
After the World War II, China as a socialism country faced the same situation as the Soviet Union. Chinese politicians came into realize that economy is essential for the new power. In the year of 1956, China, with the help of Soviet Union’s help, China had launched lots of projects. However, Chinese power lost its good times due to the political ideological differences between Mao Zedong and Nikita Khrushchev (Thayer Watkins Silicon Valley & Tornada Alley,2008). From then on, the politicians found it necessary to reform independently. The activity was advocated by China’s chairman to shit China from a predominantly agricultural society to a modern as well as industrial society for five years. That is to say, the Great Leap Forward was a socialist mass-movement designed to achieve rapid increases in China’s industrial production which was also unreasonable and unpractical, violating the law of industry and farming.
After the World War II, those two socialism countries faced with the same task----developing national economy as rapidly as possible, but they also had the different national circumstance.
3.0. The process of each country’s reform
3.1 In agricultural aspect
Since the 1940s, Khrushchev came up the idea of cultivating corn in the country. And then he built a corn institute in Ukraine, ordering thousands of acres to be planted with corn. But finally the corn experiment was not a great success. In 1959, Khrushchev declared a goal of overtaking the USA in the production of meat, milk and butter. With the encouragement of Khrushchev, the local politicians made unreasonable promise of production. All of those goals were met by forcing the farmers to kill their breeding herds, and buying meat at state stores, and then reselling it back to the government.
In agricultural area, chairman Mao indeed hoped to increase the output of China’s agricultural. It is surveyed that from 1958 to 1960, millions of Chinese people changed onto communes (to be thought as a basic unit of communist society). The peasants were divided into small groups of 20 to 40 families----the village level. The senior level was county-wide collectives, known as communes and involved thousands of peasants. Some people were sent to aquaculture professional cooperatives, while other people worked in small companies. All work was shared on the communes. However the politicians relied on the Farming ideas of nonsensical Soviet, for example, planting crops is very close for the reason that the plants could be in support of each other. Besides, plowing up too deep can encourage root growth. At last, the production was not as much as expected it was.
During the process of reforms, those two countries politicians set up the unreasonable goals which could not be completed at that time. However, the local authorities could not tell the truth in order to please the leaders of the Party Central Committee who were willing to hear the truth. At last, the unreasonable demands led to the worse situation of each countries’ economy.
3.2 In industrial aspect
In Stalin's era, the Soviet union tried to realize economic growth by increasing industrial production. From 1927-1928, the total sum of productions of the capital goods in Soviet is about 6 billion rubles. However,  the annual production in 1932 reached to 23.1 billion rubles (Robinson ，2002). Meanwhile, factories and industrial companies were actively encouraged to “obtain at whatever cost”, (Hosking ，1985) which puts an emphasis on full target to produce more. For instance, there is a motto for the first Five-Year Plan, “The Five-Year Plan in Four Years!”, (Fearm ，1963)  calling staffs to complete the goals a year earlier.
The phenomenon that staffs rushed production was very common in Soviet industry and it involved the collapse of the programs in which factories tried to finish their entire month of production quotas within a very short space of time (Stalin, 1958). The lack of industrial materials that left factories without the resources to finish production until the new supplies reaches at the end of the month. staffs then worked too long meet monthly quotas in time,which exhausted them and made them hard to work.
In order to keep up with the former nations and rid of the bad situations, Chairman Mao also listed the plan of industrial development so that China no longer rely on the imported steel and machines from other countries.Mao zedong even called on making steel and iron tools.
In response to the policy of government, chinese people even built blast furnace on backyard, and  then put  scrap metal into the pot.The national farmers were asked to pay the production quota.Differently, farmers would get severe punishment.In order to complete the impossible task, As a matter of fact, useful items were melt down to manufacture unqualified productions, which slowed down the economic growth. In final, useful ironware could not be found in China. Although great efforts are made to develop industry development, all they did led to the decline of the production of  food.metals and the impurities would usually be mixed, which turned out to be no use.
3.3 In political aspect
Since Lenin died, Stalin began to resume military communism. For Stalin, Socialism can be described as the method of production tools, according to the principle of public ownership of industrial and agricultural combine economic organization.two sectors of the economy can not be combined (Stalin, 1958).They just wanted to build a socialist economic base, in other words, Combine agriculture with industry economy of socialist as a whole. Stalin clearly realized that the essence of socialism is a kind relationship of currency and market to eliminate large co-operatives.
In the Khrushchev era, the special court controlled by the security department were finally abandoned and there were no political trials. Under the  rule of Khrushchev, some criminals were required to stay at hospital. Until 1962, Khrushchev separated province level of Party committees into two branches; one is intended for the industry and the other is for agriculture. At the same time, he also required that a third of the members of every committee  be in every election. This led to the discrepancy, between Khrushchev and Central Committee.
For the reason there were many similarities between the Soviet and China in some aspects, especially in social system---socialism, Mao definitely adopted what the Soviet Union did after the People’s Republic of China was established. The leaders of China implemented many policies mainly for industry and agriculture. Mao also put forward the Five-Year Plan, announcing that we Chinese people should keep up with the great industrial countries until the end of the first Five-Year Plan. Therefore, that is how the Great Leap Forward was also advocated by many countries. The  newly-built government started to implemented some democratic policy, which conformed to Chinese situation to the point and  made great progress. However, when Chinese people believed the Soviet Union was an great country, they were more eager to build socialism in accordance with the Soviet model and copied the model of socialist. From 1958 to 1976, Mao inherited Stalin’s theory of socialism. And then the politicians were all involved in the Great Leap Forward.
4.0. The consequence of each country’s reform
It is predicted that the results were not good. Over the past few years, the Great Leap Forward caused great damage to the environment in China. The plan of backyard steel production led to the whole forests being burned to the fuel smelters,which made the  left land being erosion. Intensive cropping and deep ditch stripped the farmland of nutrient also made the agricultural soil fragile erosion. When the year of 1958 came, many places had a bumper harvest, because the soil had not been yet used up. However, so many farmers had been sent into steel or iron production work. And  there weren't enough labors to harvest their crops.
It was ridiculous that the leaders of commune greatly exaggerated their harvests, hoping to be able to please the leadership of Communist party. In addition, the Party officials used most of the food for serving as the cities' share of the harvest. As a result,people had no food to eat.People began to feel it hard to live in China.
In the second year, the Yellow River flooded, which killed 2 million people by drowning or  starving. At that time, the crop failure happened. What made things worse is that a wide-spread drought increased the sufferings of the country In 1960..
At last, the great leap forward in china ended with catastrophe, which resulted in the deaths of about 20 to 48 million people in China. And most of them starved to death, especially in the countryside. What’s more, the official even consisted that the death toll from the Great Leap Forward is "only" about 14 million; but most experts or scholars agree that this is a huge understatement.
However, the reform in Soviet Union developed successfully. Soviet Union use this highly centralized politics and economic system to ensure the high-speed development of national economy. In 1993, the transformation of the ownership was completed.With the development of history, this drawbacks of highly centralized system mode gradually revealed, causing social conflicts inside the Soviet Union and seriously hampering the development of the social economy. During that period, the rule created a large number of miscarriages of justice, which is serious consequences, covering a wide range.
5.0. Conclusion
The form of the Soviet model has a certain objective reasons. And it did also played a positive role in a particular period of history, but it is not the only model of socialism,also not the best model. Advantages of this model are serious; negative effect is obvious. Besides,, it should change all the time and timely get adjusted. The targets of China set too high, completely divorcing from reality.For each country, whether capitalist or socialist society, all have their own policies.Government must seriously consider the policy so as to benefit the people.

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