新兴市场经济的崛起--经济类Essay代写范文

经济类essay代写范文:文章作者认为经济衰退是昂贵的，因为他们浪费了资源，有很大的负面分配后果，影响物理和人类的投资决策，影响政治成果，。而且经济衰退根据国家的规模增强，规模越大，影响就越大。而国家也无法缓解对受影响最大的人的影响.我们需要注意的是外推太直接用于开发节约这些国家逆周期食谱。

I believe that the statement that recessions are not costly is incorrect. First, I think his calculation of this magnitude reflects some fundamental flaw in the way the workhorse models we use in economics fail to account for the costs of risk and volatility. This flaw shows up in many different puzzle in economics, including the well-known equity premium puzzle. Economic models underestimate, by an order of magnitude, how unhappy agents are about facing uncertainty. Second, it is highly unlikely that recessions and medium-term growth are completely separable. In particular, the ongoing process of restructuring, which is central to productivity growth, is severly hampered by deep recessions.

Recessions are costly because they waste enormous resources, affect physical and human investment decisions, have large negative distributional consequences, influence political outcomes, and so on.

What about the costs of recessions in other parts of the world,especially latin america?

The cost of recessions grows exponentially with their size and the country’s inability to soften the impact on the most affected. Less developed economies suffer much larger shocks beause their economise are not well diversified, and they experience capital out-flows that exacerbate the impact of recessionary shocks. Their domestic financial sectors are small and often become strained during recessions, making it difficult to reallocate scarce resources toward those who need them the most.

To make maters worse, the government’s ability to use fiscal policy is also out of the question when the currency is in free fall and liabilities are dollarized. There are many things that we take  for granted in the United States that simply are not feasible for emerging markets in distess. One has to be careful with extrapolating too directly the countercyclical recipes used for developed economise to these countries.

Your first work, in your M.A. dissertation,was to builda macroeconomic model of the economy of chile. What do we learn by comparing economies?Does the Chilean economy behave essentially like the U.S. economy or are there fundamental differences?

Chile is a special economy among emerging markets. It began pro-market reforms many years before the rest and has had very prudent macroeconomic management for several decades by now.

For that reason, it is a bit more “like the U.S. economy” than most other emerging market economies. However, there are still important differences, of the sort described in my answer to the previous question.

Beyond the specifics of Chile, at some deep level, macroeconomic principles, and economic principles more generally , are the same everywhere. It is all about incentives, tradeoffs, effort, commitment, discipline ,transparency, insurance, and so on, and hence the practice of economics has plenty of diversity.

You’ve studied situations in which capital suddenly stops flowing into Economics/ an economy from abroad. What are the lessons you’ve learned from this research?

First things first. I think we need to get used to the presence of speculative bubbles. The reason is that the world today has a massive shortage of financial assets the savers can use to store value.

Because of this shortage, “artificial” assets are ready to emerge at all times. Specific bubbles come and go-----from the NASDAQ, to real estate, to commodities-----but the total is much more stable.

I do not think the distinction between bubbles and fundamentals is as clear-cut as people describe.

Probably outside periods of liquidity crises, all assers have some bubble component in them. The question is how much.

The most basic lesson for emerging markets is that capital flows are volatile. Sometimes they simply magnify domestic problems, but in many other cases, they are the direct source of volatility. However, the conclusion from this observation is not that capital flows should be limited, just as we do not close the banks in the United Staes to eliminate the possibility of bank runs. On the contrary, much of the volatility comes from insufficient integration with international capital markets, which makes emerging markets illiquid and the target of specialists and speculators.

小编总结：作者列举了智利的新兴经济体，除了细节，在一些深层次，经济原则，宏观经济原则更普遍，是相同的无处不在，更像于“美国经济”。从国外资本流入中知道我们要习惯投机泡沫的存在，因为全球金融资产大量短缺，储户可以用来存储价值.但可能在流动性危机时，所有的资产都有一定的泡沫成分。所以资本的流动应该是有限的。

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