Indian Agriculture-留学Essay代写范文

留学Essay代写范文：“Indian Agriculture”。这是一篇介绍印度农业的论文。印度作为一个农业大国，农业经济的发展相对滞后，国际竞争优势弱，但印度本身是一个人口大国，有着丰富并且低廉的人力资源，这为印度农业的发展提供了引擎，配合其他的经济政策跟手段，以此来增强农业的发展。

Indian agriculture enjoys the advantage of cheap labour. Therefore, despite the lower productivity, a comparison with world prices of agricultural commodities would reveal that domestic prices in India are considerably less with the exceptions of a few commodities (notably oilseeds). Hence, imports to India would not be attractive in the case of rice, tea, sunflower oil and cotton. On the whole, large scale import of agricultural commodities as a result of trade liberalisation is ruled out. Even the exports of those foodgrains which are cheaper in the domestic market, but are sensitive from the point of view of consumption by the economically weaker sections are not likely to rise to unacceptable levels because of high inland transportation cost and inadequate export infrastructure in India.

Because of increasing price of domestic agricultural commodities following improved export prospects, farmers would get benefits which in turn would encourage investment in the resource scarce agricultural sector. With the decrease in production subsidies as well as export subsidies, the international prices of agricultural commodities will rise and this will help in making our exports more competitive in world market.

Both the pattern of production and price expectations will increasingly be influenced by the demands and trends in world markets. On the one hand, the price incentive could be the best incentive and could give a strong boost to investment in agriculture as well as adoption of modern technologies and thereby to the raising of agricultural production and productivity. On the other hand, the rise in domestic prices would put pressure on the public distribution system and accentuate the problem of food subsidy & freedom to export agricultural products without restrictions will also need shedding the long-nurtured inhibition against their imports.

The freeing of trade in agriculture under the AoA is likely to bring about significant increases in trade in agriculture and give unprecedented opportunities to the developing countries to benefit from increased agricultural exports. But this would depend on the developed countries’ willingness to reduce domestic and export subsidies and provide market access to agricultural exports from the developing countries. On the other hand, trade liberalisation is also likely to pose serious challenges for the developing countries.

The challenges lie first in becoming globally competitive in agricultural exports and secondly, in enabling the sharing of the benefits of trade liberalisation not by a small minority of rich farmers but by the majority of small and marginal farmers and agricultural workers in India.

1.Transitional period available for developing countries for full implementation of the Agreement and the need to extend the same

2. The terms, conditions and tariff structures for ready access by developing countries to other markets

3. Minimal domestic support systems needed to ensure food security, which should go far beyond products and distribution to areas of equitable supply at affordable prices

4. Export subsidies to ensure that Indian commodity exports are competitive in the Global markets, considering that the developed countries have been consistently providing major concessions directly or indirectly to their exporters

5. Non-tariff modalities practised by developed countries, including invoking issues on labour, sanitary and phytosanitary measures

6. Special Safeguard provision, which imposes import restrictions under certain conditions, which are considered to be discriminating against developing countries

7. Impact of phasing out quantitative restrictions by April 2001, which India had enjoyed on the basis of her Balance of Payment (BOP) problems

8. India's favourable total Aggregate Measure Support (AMS), which being negative, to be taken into account while considering the across the board commitments for tariff reduction agreed to by developing countries.

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