澳大利亚和美国的税收政策研究--新西兰essay代写范文

新西兰essay代写范文:“澳大利亚和美国的税收政策研究”，这篇论文主要描述的是在每一个国家中，国家的税收政策与每一个人都息息相关，国家需要通过税收来维持正常的运转和开展经济政治文化建设，如果一个国家的税收政策出现了问题，那么将会衍生出大量的问题，本文以澳大利亚和美国的税收政策为例，分析税收政策实施的利于弊。

Introduction

Taxes in every country are closely related to everyone. A country needs taxes to operate and support it to build the country. Businesses and the subjects of one country care about how their money is spent. If one country’s tax policy is not appropriate, problems will emerge. There are s lot of tragedies happened in history which were due to some inappropriate tax policy (Sainsbury, 1999). It is a serious matter which leaders are supposed to be cautious about. Taxes consist of most of the income of one country. The issue of a new tax policy is always being kept watching by various people, especially for those people who operate a business. They are the big contributors of the taxes handing in to the government.The tax law is complex, and sometimes it's due to unclear regulations fuzzy.A country, to some degree, needs businesses’ contribution to operate the whole country, like fundamental construction, public welfare, health care, national defense, etc. (Weaver & Rockman, 1993). This essay firstly compares the different taxes policies of Australia and the United States and elaborates the impacts of the taxes policies. Following this, it analysis the measures of each country take to copy with the policies. Besides of this, this essay will finally make a criterion to judge which program of the two countries is more advantages.

The comparison of Taxes Policies of Australia and the United States

Government usually deploy strategic corporate tax rate to encourage business growth and attract foreign investment, and stimulate the economy of a country. In the current global financial crisis has created a dilemma for most industrialized economies government: the governments of these countries aware of the need to reduce their tax rates to stimulate their economies. Government tax policy is used to support the economy of the country (Frey & Schneider, 1978). Therefore, the major economies in 2009 announced tax policies vary widely. In view of this uncertainty and ever-changing tax environment, it is essential for the business executives a better understanding of the tax structure and to analyze its impact on businesses (Scharpf & Schmidt, 2000). The following table provides a summary of the tax on corporate profits, dividend tax and capital gains tax three taxes usually reside in Australia and the United States imposed its tax jurisdiction:. For comparison purposes, the table also provides the approximation assumes that the start-up company will pay each jurisdiction, if it has a $ 300,000 income tax.

Tax Category    USA    Australia

Taxon corporate profits    15% to 35%    30%

Tax on dividends    22.5% 0% to 35%    0%

Tax on Capital Gains    15% to 35%    30%

Taxfor Hypothetical Company    $100,250    $90,000 Australia's corporate income tax rate is set at a flat 30 percent tax rate applies to residents and non-resident enterprises. Non-resident enterprises to take Australia source of income from a specific type of asset sales and capital gains tax. United States continue to implement the corporate income tax rate in the second-highest overall in the industrialized economies (Scharpf, 2000). In addition to all commercial entities must pay federal corporate tax, most states and some cities also levy corporate income tax. In addition, where the tax rate is different in the calculation of taxable income reaches the basis of the same; gross or total sales tax in several states, rather than net income. The foreign tax treaties, foreign companies can seek federal tax breaks, but they may still bear the local and national taxes.

The impacts of the taxes policies on the two countries

U.S. Treasury taxes foreign profits depend on the overseas business organizations. This delay in the tax until a subsidiary of the company's profit is actually remitted to the United States (Blanchflower& Meyer, 1994). To defer tax on the income earned by overseas subsidiaries is an important and controversial aspect of the U.S. tax policy. Current corporate income tax system in the United States needs the general corporate income tax rate of 35% tax.  This tax income earned at home and abroad, abroad can earn a certain amount of income tax to postpone indefinitely, if the income is still overseas. U.S. corporate tax system also contains some deduction, tax exemptions, deferrals, tax credits, often referred to as "tax expenditures" In general, these provisions reduce the effective tax rate paid by many U.S. companies is less than the statutory tax rate of 35% .Australian businesses are to maximize their income and the risk of inadequate consultation. Estimated nominal corporate profits had constituted its main by adjusting the GOS concept, scope and measurement differences from corporate profits, which is outlined above. Estimated corporate profits adjusted for inflation also are constructed by removing the net income and the nominal series, reflecting the interaction of inflation and nominal treatment of depreciation, net interest income trading and holding stocks. Australia still need a business tax reform to ensure that capital investment is attractive, Australian enterprises is facing a high taxes and high environmental costs (Grubert & Mutti, 1991). This tax system does not have enough rules, economic efficiency and equity, as well as to provide sufficient income for the enterprise, is not favorable.

The measures taken to copy with the taxes policies

Independent innovation of enterprises has an important strategic position, independent innovation of enterprises fully deployed by the market will be inefficient, and even failure. Therefore, if only through the market self-regulation cannot be effective in encouraging the occurrence of acts of independent innovation of enterprises (Hacker, 2002). Countries require support from the policy has a major leading role in the development of socio-economic enterprises for independent innovation behavior, including the implementation of appropriate fiscal policy, tax policy, monetary policy, and the development of venture investment policy (Kearney & Policy, 2006). Australian corporate income to total operating surplus, then the tax rate is established on this basis. However, many of these companies only bear federal income tax in the past two decades, due to either the company or privatization, improve the effective corporate tax rate during this time.Many enterprises have become the Australian Government to bear the income tax in the 1980s and early 1990s, they are corporatized (Repetto & Gillis, 1988). These entities, corporate production is still facing public ownership, but may need to meet business performance benchmarks, tax, borrowed funds, without government guarantees and operation of regulatory advantages (Chapmanet et al, 1999). Many state and local enterprises are becoming incur an income tax in the 1990s, when they have been privatized. After nearly a hundred years of development, the United States has gradually formed relatively complete mergers and acquisitions in the tax system. Mainly through the implementation of these guidelines could the companies to achieve profits tax.U.S. Capital gains tax was originally to equitable distribution and access to financial income as the goal (Hacker, 2004). However, in recent years the practice shows that high capital gains tax on economic development, especially capital formation was significantly inhibited.The entire capital gains tax regime from complex to simple, low evolution by another job, the tax rate is essentially giving priority to efficiency, taking into account the process of equitable theory and practice (Auerbachet et al, 1999). With the continuous adjustment of the level of the capital gains tax rate, the number of mergers and acquisitions transactions also will be larger fluctuations.

Assessment of each country's tax policy response

In this thesis, the two countries believe that the tax burden of the new company is the smallest. If the main goal is to maximize profits, U.S. companies countermeasures has great flexibility into their business in any jurisdiction, an entrepreneur, the United States provided a more reasonable choice (Bobeket al,2007). U.S. government for economic, political and social considerations, must increase the progressivity and increase the trade-off between regressive, often have to balance the two.Tax incentives for large-scale mergers of U.S. companies increase global competitiveness and economic restructuring has played an important role, which greatly stimulated the development of the contemporary American economy(Steinmo, 1989).

In Australia, the tax target is fair sharing of the tax burden, therefore, focus on equity in the tax structure arrangements (Bourassa & Yin, 2006). First, the tax mainly to direct taxes, the proportion of people of different taxes in total tax collection, personal income tax accounted for a large proportion (Swank, 2002). The advantage is that through the rational design of progressive tax rates and comprehensive income grade of personal income, which helps to balance accounted for the vast majority of the population proportion of low-income people's income, alleviate social contradictions.The second is to prevent big companies from unfair competition, fringe benefits tax levy provided to employees in addition to the wage benefits and maintain social stability (Atkeson & Bayoumi, 1993). Australia's tax system settings, to some extent alleviate the social polarization, and to maintain the balance of the inter-industry revenue.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Tax policies in Australia and the United States have their own advantages and disadvantages, both essentially the same, but each has its own characteristics (Bush, 2002). They are, according to their national context plays an important role for the national economy as well as the development of enterprises.From the paper said, the tax policy of the United States now looks more reasonable, but there are some problems (Jorgenson, 1993). Through this article, you can better the Australia tax policy and tax policy in the United States compared to discover the shortcomings of the Australian tax policy.In addition, from the impact of tax policy on the operation of enterprises, it is clear we can see a country's tax policy is very important to the survival of enterprises.

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