中国和欧盟加强合作的分析和建议--新西兰essay代写范文

新西兰essay代写范文:“中国和欧盟加强合作的分析和建议”，这篇论文主要描述的是在2003年中国政府提出了新的五年目标和一系列的重要改革政策后，中国便开始加强了与欧盟的合作，中国和欧盟都强调了双方形成了战略合作伙伴的重要性，在欧盟委员会上也提出了相同的政策，旨在加强与中国的合作，由此可见中国和欧盟双方都有着强烈的合作愿望，也侧面的反映出中国作为一个世界性大国的地位受到了国际的认可。

In 2003, the Chinese government issued China’s 2003 Policy Document on European Union for the first time, which proposed five-year goals and major policies of strengthening China-EU relations. Almost at the same time, EU council of foreign ministers advocated the new file on policy toward China that was put forward by European Commission and emphasized the importance of developing EU and China’s strategic cooperative partnership. The coincidence of timing reflected that both China and EU had strong desire to strengthen mutual cooperation and reached consensus on developing bilateral relations. In 2004, China and EU signed the Joint Statement on Nonproliferation and Arms Control, involving the treaties of complete prohibition of chemical weapons and biological weapons, and nuclear non-proliferation. In 2006, Commission of European Union published a new policy paper to China named the European Union and China: Closer Partnership and More Responsibility. It considered that China had already risen again as a global economic and political power. Under that circumstance, EU reexamined and adjusted its policies to China. As a result, China and Europe, as comprehensive strategic partnership, should take more responsibility on major issues in the world. Meanwhile, a sister document named Competitive and Partnership Relation was issued to thematically interpret the synthetical strategy of establishing EU’s trade and investor relations with China. In 2007, on the Third China EU Financial Dialogue, a joint statement was published to reinforce the important role of cooperation in macro economy and financial field. In 2008, China EU Maritime Agreement adjusted the industrial management by politics on both maritime transport, relating to market access, commercial presence and friendly cooperation in the field of sea transportation. In January 2009, China and EU’s Joint Declaration was published, which affirmed the global strategic importance of China EU relation and the necessity of intensifying comprehensive strategic partnership. In March 2009, China EU Maritime Agreement Modification Protocol was signed to reply the crisis and challenges brought by financial crisis and provide reliable guarantee for sea transportation for bilateral trade jointly. In 2013, China EU Cooperation 2020 Strategic Planning confirmed the common goal of closer cooperation on peace and security, prosperity, sustainable development, and cultural and educational exchanges. It was to accelerate the further development of the comprehensive strategic partnership between China and the European Union over the next few years (Friends of Europe 2014).

Europe had always been the teacher of China. However, on one hand, for the past few years, the positioning of China in international configuration has been changed. Even the G2 conception which is proposed by a famous international political scientist claims that the world would be determined by the United States and China. China has been elevated to the superpower status (Ping Zhou & Leydesdorff 2011). The direct inducement of the positioning variation is that China’s GDP exceeded Japan and ranked the second in the world in 2010. Besides, in 2011, the total amount of trade in goods of China also leaped to the second in the world. On the other hand, the western world was attacked by financial crisis and economic downturn in recent years (Europa 2013). Under the influence of financial crisis and sovereign debt, Europe has been in the dilemma of economy, politics and society, and the situation is volatile. The integration process of Europe has been thwarted and the phenomena of unbalanced development is prominent. The decreasing EU’s centripetal force leads to increasing query about European economic policies, social model, and even political institution. European international action capability is also limited. In a manner of speaking, Europe is in one of the hardest times after the cold war. From my point of view, the positioning of China deviates from the reality. National power evaluation is decided by comprehensive national strength. It is unsound to measure China’s economic strength by a single indicator like GDP. Chinese per capita GDP is laggard and there are still 150 million impoverished people (Gaens et al. 2013). Besides, taking various factors of sustainable development, such as industrial technology level, innovation ability, economic efficiency and environmental pollution, and soft power, such as national cohesive force and centripetal force into consideration, China is far away from superpower. The Chinese leadership is clear about this. In terms of European current difficulties, they are inevitable in the integration process. The existing problems are systematic and structural (Hill & Smith 2005). Through accelerating and deepening transformation and integration process, and adjusting to adapt to the new situation of the development of the globalization and emerging countries, Europe will be re-vitalized. But rebound is a process of long-term.

Thus, Europe has always been one of the main targets of Chinese diplomacy. After the founding of new China, some European countries took the lead in establishing diplomatic relation with China. After the reform and opening-up, European capital, technology and management experience played important role in Chinese economic construction. In the past ten years, China-EU relations has become more intimate. The relations between China and Europe have overcome a variety of resistances and difficulties, and gained new development continually, which shows a rising steadily and changing progressively momentum. Since the sovereign debt in Europe, China has regarded Europe from the perspective of the general orientation of European development and the fundamentals of economic society. And it has attached importance to China-EU relations from a strategic height and a long-term perspective. The annual China-EU leader’s meeting has enhanced mutual understanding and trust, and promoted the comprehensive, wide-ranging and multi-layered cooperation. Besides, dialogue mechanism of the high level of economy and trade, high-grade strategic, and cultural and educational exchanges has been built in the past years, which formed three pillars in the cooperation field of politics, economy and humanity. China-EU relation has reflected that they are indispensable important partner for each other not only with respect to respective development but also international affairs. In the meantime, there are still huge potential of China-EU relations.

However, the relation between China and the European Union is still impeded by some factors. First, Europe has regarded Chinese development as threat, which leads to economic and trade conflicts. Before 2005, China-EU relations had been in a honeymoon period. EU had published 5 policy documents to China successively to promote both sides to establish the comprehensive strategic partnership actively. However, with the rapid development of China's economy, EU began to adjust the policies toward China and increase the downsides. The issue of the trade strategic documents named European Union and China: Closer Partnership and More Responsibility, and Competitive and Partnership Relation in 2006 clearly presented that China is the biggest challenge of EU’s foreign trade policy (Shambaugh et al. 2007). While emphasizing the importance of developing relations with China and positioning China-EU relations as strategic competition relations, China has also been asked for shouldering more responsibility. This adjustment showed EU’s anxiety and misgiving with ideology color about China. Over the years, EU has performed the adjustment. Attaching importance to relations with China, EU’s trade policies to China tend to be rigid to gain more benefits, involving a series of protectionist measures like anti-dumping, anti-subsidy and setting technical barrier.

Second, Europe cooperates with the United States to pressure China through formulating new trade rules. In 2013, EU actively promoted FTA negotiations with main global economic entities, including TTIP with the United States, EPA with Japan, and other FTA negotiations with India and some ASEAN countries. The FTA negotiation of EU, the United States and Japan, and TPP under the lead of US have obvious exclusiveness. The positivity of EU is not only the result of the practical needs of getting rid of economic plight, but also the requirement of reaching the strategic purpose that is cooperating with US to maintain the dominant rights of developed countries in global politics, economy and trading continuously, and contain the development of the emerging powers (Stumbaum 2013).

Third, the complex relationships of internal EU handicap the strategy of the comprehensive relationships between China and EU. The European Union is made up by national states, which decides various voices in EU foreign policies. In regard to the policy to China, there are two forces in EU: one is the consensus of the mainstream and the foundation of deepening development of China-EU relations, which has realized that China-EU relations’ strategic importance and understood the differences of politics, economy, society, and culture between China and EU; the other is ideological prejudice, which has treated China with Cold War mentality and regarded the rise of China as threat. Although the latter is adverse current, it impedes and disturbs China-EU relations. Through talking about human rights, freedom and democracy to attempt to impose their values on China, the strategic stability of China-EU relations has been influenced (Chun Ding 2012). EU’s ban on arms exports to China for many years and derecognition of Chinese market economy status are reflections of Cold War mentality.

China’s 2014 Policy Document toward the European Union is about to be published. From my perspective, the closer the developmental levels of China and EU are, the greater the reciprocal demands are, and the broader the cooperation fields are (Europa 2005). At present, both of China and EU face new historic opportunities and wide development prospect. China thinks that united, stable and flourishing Europe is in line with Chinese interests. EU also regards reinforcing cooperation with China as indispensable strategic needs. Although there are huge differences in the matter of culture, civilization, system and development path, China and EU could realizing profit sharing and fusion though deepening cooperation in the background of rapid development of globalization. China has strong aspiration to increase investment to China-EU relations and promote the faster development at a higher level together with the European Union.

Based on China’s 2003 Policy Document on European Union, some recommendations and opinion are given. In the aspect of politics, first, the policy of mutual respect, equal treatment, and increasing strategic mutual trust should be added. Second, the cooperation of China and EU’s legislative institution should be built. Third, China-EU relations are beyond bilateral scope and have more and more important global effect. With the world complex changes, hot issues rise one after another and turmoil also increases. China and EU need to drive to establish fair and reasonable new order of international relations, so that they can better maintain world peace and security. On the economic and trade plane, policies on pragmatic cooperation should be described in detail. First, bidirectional investment would be encouraged to optimize the trade structure of both parties, enlarge the scale of bilateral trade, and remit trade imbalance. Second, the cooperation in the field of advanced technology and new energy should be emphasized to excavate new growth points of China-EU economy and trade. Third, the collaboration of enterprises, scientific research institutions, and institutions of higher learning should be encouraged. Fourth, the policy of intellectual property should be mentioned. Fifth, industry associations are the bridge between business and government, so the connection of the industry associations of China and European countries need to be established and the policy of industry associations’ management of some trade disputes between China and Europe could be promoted. Sixth, policy of dealing with various trade frictions, such as anti-dumping and anti-subsidy, could be listed. In the layer of humanity, cultural exchange could be established with more countries in Europe to promote China and EU’s career of human rights. EU would make greater efforts to promote the convenient of personnel exchanges of both sides. At last, both of China and EU should control and manage divergence. There are differences in promoting democracy and human rights because of ideology. And with increasing economic and trade level and contact, the competition and friction would also be increased. However, it is necessary for China and EU to clearly know that common grounds are more than differences and cooperation is greater than competition. Both of the parties should treat and cope with the issues historically and roundly to avoid strike against China-EU relations (Wiessala et al. 2014). China has full of confidence in China-EU relations and also has aspiration to further excavate and release the cooperative potentiality between China and EU.

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