雅思兰黛中的逆向物流控制--多伦多大学代写essay范文

多伦多大学代写essay范文:“雅思兰黛中的逆向物流控制”，这篇论文主要描述的是商家生产的产品出现了损坏或质量的问题需要退还，这时候就牵涉到了逆向物流的概念，通过对逆向物流进行深层次的研究，建立一个完善的逆向物流系统，能够是企业节省下一大笔的人力成本，本文以著名品牌Estee Launder为例对逆向物流进了分析。

Reverse logistics in the field of circulation, if the ratio between the resource utilization and loss if maintain, resource loss of absolute value will with the expansion of the modern enterprise economy, reverse logistics economic value is gradually revealed. Combined with the continuous improvement of the environmental legislation and public attention to environmental issues, many foreign well-known enterprise reverse logistics strategy as strengthen its competitive advantage, increase customer value, important means to improve the overall performance of the supply chain, the reverse logistics research also gradually for the corporate world and paid great attention in theoretical circle. Most people relish an example is the famous brand Estee Launder, its annual sales of $4 billion worldwide, but at the same time a year retreat, excessive, scrap and the amount of damage of $190 million, accounts for about 4.75% of sales. But it in a $1.3 million investment in development of the scanning system of reverse logistics, business intelligence tools and oracle database in the first years after the system work, for the company to recover the original through layoffs and reduce the cost of other management fees and produce value. Then, to evaluate it for more than 24% of the return, and sorting out of return can again the number of distribution is really 1.5 times, thereby saving the labor cost of about $475000 a year, destroyed more than shelf life of products fell to 37% from 37% in 1998. Besides yasi lauder, BMW, sears and xerox, the famous enterprises also actively implementing reverse logistics management to gain competitive advantage. In addition to the traditional returns management and inventory disposal, reverse logistics for products in the manufacture and repair again, reusing and recycling the parts were also is no longer a new concept. Fuji xerox, from the market after recycling the copier categorizing plastic removed, crushing, washing, removing surface and affect the performance of foreign bodies in accordance with its UM - GABS company quality standard cycle to produce ABS resin containing 25% recycled materials. Fuji xerox is expected to 2004 cycle output will reach 1000 tons of plastic materials. Sears is responsible for the executive vice President of logistics has pointed out that "reverse logistics may be to reduce the cost of the last piece of virgin land". Only in waste collection and return of the two aspects, the success of the reverse logistics management not only can bring direct benefit to enterprise, more can obtain lower costs, customer satisfaction, environmental protection and other indirect economic and social benefits.

1 production for reverse logistics

Reverse logistics is with the constant improvement of the degree of competition in the market, the people's growing awareness of environmental and resource depletion. The higher the degree of competition in the market, customers in the trade, the better the position, the reverse logistics development has the faster. The more advanced the country or region, the strength of people's environmental consciousness, the rules on governance environment more perfect, make enterprise managers pay more attention to the reverse logistics of the supply chain. We are in the space of resource is limited, one-time use will inevitably lead to the exhaustion of resources, government or industry associations must attach importance to the recycling of resources.

(1) competition in the market. Due to the development of science and technology, the increasing production capacity of enterprises, market competition form complete monopoly market development from the past to the perfectly competitive market, with the improvement of market competition, customer status in the trade also changed larger, from the past absolute disadvantage to full advantage. Under the complete monopoly market situation, the manufacturer's attitude is to return: "goods sold shall not return," deal happens, even the cause of the manufacturers, customers want to return the desire also don't get satisfy, because customers have no other choices, if can't use the product, usually in situ destroyed or discarded; Only forward logistics enterprise supply chain, not the reverse logistics, is not a complete supply chain system. Under the perfect competition market situation, the manufacturers are not satisfied with any customer behavior will attach great importance to, for fear of losing customers, has made the commitment of "customer is god", so the condition of customer returns, broad; In some cases, manufacturers even back they never produce the products, the purpose is to attract customers to buy their products; Therefore, enterprises need to use information technology to establish reverse logistics system, the supply of logistics activities to conduct a comprehensive coordination, efficiency, cost savings.

(2) environmental protection [3]. Japan waseda university professor Caesar repair people understanding of the logistics cost is a blank, he compared the situation to "logistics iceberg". Its characteristic is that most sank under the water is, we can't see the black area and we see is just a part of the logistics, black domain under the "iceberg" is the main source of environmental pollution, the old material recycling not in time will damage to the environment. But since most companies in the treatment of the waste material also exist difficulties of technical and economic not worthwhile, pass on to the public interest. Along with the relevant government policies and regulations, enterprises need to establish and improve the supply chain system, attaches great importance to the reverse logistics management.

(3) the reusing resources. Resources used in the enterprise, mainly depends on the underground mines, we are in the space of resource is limited, some resources will be faced with drying up, and some items used by the customers with high value of recycling. Therefore, the government or industry association must be on policy support, encourage enterprises to carry out reverse logistics operation, attaches great importance to the resources recycling, to leave the next generation more available resources.

Although in recent years the research and practice of reverse logistics has larger development, but as a result of the reverse logistics compared with its twin forward logistics, congenital differences, in practice, more difficult to coordinate and handle, these differences mainly reflects in: 1. Different from forward logistics and reverse logistics, the time and quantity is difficult to predict. 2. The reverse logistics location relatively scattered, no certain rules, extra gathering network is established. 3. The classification of recycled products subject to professional, decomposition processing. 4. The occurrence of reverse logistics is often associated with abnormal products of quality and quantity, and then during the processing of the required material quantity and mixing proportion with uncertainty. 5. Need to balance the recycled product supply and demand. Based on these characteristics, compared with the traditional forward logistics, reverse logistics have higher request for information processing ability, as a result of these recycling products available for analysis and processing of information are often scattered, random, on the gain and deal with the necessary information will meet many difficulties, it is not like a forward logistics can control the inventory level, the recycling through statistical techniques to predict very hard, not only don't know the number of recycling, also don't know the status of the recycling when, moreover, after the returned again after the first time or resources to identify which reverse back to the link so far there is uncertainty. As a result, the reverse logistics information management demand higher elasticity and artistic quality. While the reverse logistics management is more difficult, but it also provides a more corporate interests increased competitive advantage of space, whether it be a waste, parts, packing materials recycling or return, in the process of reverse logistics is contained a lot of valuable information. The product itself, for example, sales channels and shortcomings in the course of providing services in the process of reverse logistics management to provide the information of prompt, therefore, should not only actively processing flow of goods and materials, and at the same time attention should be paid attention to collecting relevant information, in order to further improve the way sales of goods or commodities. In the process of return or repair service, for example, through to the various items or parts return date, scale, status and the customer opinion, it is easy to collect product information problems. Although, in the process information is large, distributed, to handle has the certain difficulty, but also is of great value.

2 the reverse logistics process

Reverse flow of materials for the reverse logistics is mainly refers to [4], but at the same time with the information flow, cash flow, value flow, business flow, it with the conventional logistics (forward logistics) seamless docking and become an organic part of the whole logistics system. The reverse flow including return reverse logistics and reverse logistics. Return reverse logistics refers to the downstream customers will not meet the requirements of the order products returned to the upstream of retailers, its process and the conventional product flow to the contrary. Reverse logistics is refers to the final customer held by discarded items to each node enterprise on supply chain, it includes: reprocessed product flow (recycling to inspection, rework), reprocessed parts flow (recycling, inspection to spin off, rework), discarded product flow (recycling - inspection - processing), scrap parts flow (recycling - test - split - processing). The flow mainly includes the following several parts:

(1) recycling. Recycling is held by customer to return to the sellers by way of paid or unpaid. Such as products from the customer may return to the upstream manufacturers, also may be the distributors and retailers.

(2) inspection and processing. This part is to test and analysis of the function of the recycled product, according to the results of the test comparison of cost-benefit analysis, to determine the optimal processing plan. Include rework after sales, split, or scrap processing, etc.

(3) the break-up. According to the characteristics of the product structure will be products into parts. After splitting the economic value of parts processing, restore its value; No value of the parts for scrap processing.

(4) the scrap processing. For those who are no economic value or recycled products or components, which cause serious damage to the environment by mechanical processing, in the form of underground buried or burned and destroyed competition in the market. Due to the development of science and technology, the increasing production capacity of enterprises, market competition form complete monopoly market development from the past to the perfectly competitive market, with the improvement of market competition, customer status in the trade also changed larger, from the past absolute disadvantage to full advantage. Under the complete monopoly market situation, the manufacturer's attitude is to return: "goods sold shall not return," deal happens, even the cause of the manufacturers, customers want to return the desire also don't get satisfy, because customers have no other choices, if can't use the product, usually in situ destroyed or discarded; Only forward logistics enterprise supply chain, not the reverse logistics, is not a complete supply chain system. Under the perfect competition market situation, the manufacturers are not satisfied with any customer behavior will attach great importance to, for fear of losing customers, has made the commitment of "customer is god", so the condition of customer returns, broad; In some cases, manufacturers even back they never produce the products, the purpose is to attract customers to buy their products; Therefore, enterprises need to use information technology to establish reverse logistics system, the supply of logistics activities to conduct a comprehensive coordination, efficiency, cost savings.

Traditional enterprise to ignore the reverse logistics in addition to its high technical requirements, such as market information asymmetry, environmental legislation is not perfect and so on a series of factors. Along with the marketing theory and practice as well as the information channels unblocked, reverse logistics to become the new advantage in competition. The reverse logistics driver is the long-term interests of the enterprise, including: 1. The cost reduction demands: reverse logistics cost is one of the earliest enterprises research the driving factor. As early as 100 years ago, many large enterprises by recycling packaging to reduce the production cost, then for the development of recycling all resources to production, including parts, used the old goods, packing and so on. Product life cycle shortened recycle goods become profitable business practices, and even in the United States and other developed regions, the customer when buying goods such as home, computers, has signed an agreement in a certain time after the goods returned, these are still in good condition but obsolete goods sold to poor countries again after repair. The same product can be through the secondary market or sold to customers at different stages of technology forecast plan, to meet their needs, make the use of resources can be more fully, at the same time improve the enterprise benefit and social benefit. 2. Customer satisfaction demands: international supermarkets and retail stores are generally use all kinds of return policy even without reason and free return way to attract and retain customers, customer satisfaction and personalized requirements meet has become each big enterprise maintain competitive advantage of the most important strategy. And shorter product life cycle, frequent product upgrade, cause a refund or frequent customers idle goods increase, so the recovery of all or part of the refund payment to return or commodity service arrangements become one of the means of enterprise competition. 3. Obey the law and public image: in recent years, governments have a positive environmental legislation, make enterprises take treatment from production to waste on the environment of the impact of the responsibility. Rational and forward-looking enterprises should not only make the enterprise can adapt to the current government legislation and policy, also should see the world increasingly stringent environmental legislation and other aspects of policy trends, the issues that may occur in the future to prepare in advance. A law-abiding and adjust itself to lead or follow the global trend of enterprises, will be more easy to set up its good reputation in the eyes of the public, it also constitutes one of the modern enterprise competitive advantage.

3 the role of reverse logistics

According to relevant data show that in 1999, the United States reverse logistics costs accounted for about 5% of the logistics cost, by 2001, the proportion of the reverse logistics cost has doubled, about 10%, thus it is not hard to see, because of the reverse logistics can bring economic value and environmental benefits for the enterprise and its supply chain, and foreign many well-known enterprises have the reverse logistics strategy as strengthen its competitive advantage, increase customer value, important means to improve the overall performance of the supply chain, and the economic value of reverse logistics in developed countries is presents the fast growth the tendency, the reverse logistics function mainly reflects in the following aspects:

(1) improve customer value, enhance the enterprise competitive advantage. In today's customer driven economy, customer value is the key factor for enterprise survival and development. Many enterprises through reverse logistics to improve the customer satisfaction of products or services, to win the trust of the customer, thus increasing their competitive advantages. For the final customer, reverse logistics to ensure timely return of the goods do not conform to the requirements of the order of the products, is conducive to eliminate worries about the customer, increase their sense of trust and lead to the enterprise, expand market share, as Dave Hommrich says, if a company wants to win customers, it must ensure that the customers feel better, in the whole process of the reverse logistics strategy is an effective means of achieving this goal. On the other hand, for enterprise customers in the supply chain upstream enterprise take easy return policy, to reduce the management risk of the downstream customers, improve the supply and demand, promote strategic cooperation between enterprises, strengthen the competitive advantage of the entire supply chain. Especially for staleness risk larger products, return policy brings more obvious competitive advantage.

(2) reduce the material cost, increase enterprise benefit. Reduce the material cost, improve the utilization rate of material and is the key of the enterprise cost management, is also an important means of enterprise efficiency. However, the traditional management mode of material management limited to internal material, do not take the enterprise external waste products and the effective use of material, cause a large number of reusable sex idle and waste of resources. As a result of the waste product repurchase price is low, the source is sufficient, for these products buybacks processing can reduce the cost of enterprise's material. Especially with the development of economy, the shortage of resources growing, resources supply and demand contradiction more prominent, the reverse logistics will become more and more shows its superiority.

(3) reduce the pollution of the environment, shaping the corporate image. As people living standard and improvement of cultural quality, great changes have taken place in consumption idea, customers expect more and more high to the environment. In addition, due to the scarcity of non-renewable resources and the environmental pollution is increasing, many countries have developed environmental protection laws and regulations, for the enterprise's environmental behavior creates a binding standards. Enterprise's environmental performance has become an important index for enterprise operating performance evaluation. In order to change the environmental behavior of enterprises, improve enterprise image among the public, many companies are taking the reverse logistics strategy, to reduce the product pollution to the environment and resources consumption.

4 problems of reverse logistics

Compared with the forward logistics, reverse logistics is a special part of the supply chain. This is because: one is the reverse logistics of place, time and quantity is unpredictable; The second is the location of the reverse logistics more scattered, chaotic, is not a shift to accept point; 3 it is the reverse logistics causes is often associated with the exception of the quantity or quality of the products; Four is the processing of the reverse logistics system and the complex and varied ways, different processing methods have significant contribution to recover resources value. Based on the characteristics of reverse logistics, enterprise in the concrete operation of reverse logistics business, may encounter the following problems:

(1) enterprise risk. Although the reverse logistics can make the downstream customers to reduce or avoid operation risk, but as a result of loose recycling strategies and increase the risk of the enterprise itself, namely the risk shifting from downstream to upstream. In addition, there is also a demand of supply chain information step by step amplification effect, namely the "bullwhip effect", which are the serious distortion of information. The above two factors work together, the risk of supply chain step by step amplification effect more apparent.

(2) the contradiction between economic benefits and environmental benefits. As a result of the environmental protection laws and regulations constraint, the enterprise must through the product recycling to reduce the harm to environment, to achieve national environmental standards. However, as a result of the reverse logistics management is to ensure that the supply chain system effective operation for a long time, pay attention to the long-term effect, the early stages of the enterprise to implement reverse logistics, product recycling but not necessarily can bring economic benefits, and even cause losses. If the enterprise is affected by short-term economic interest drive, hard to avoid can to a certain extent, restricts the development of reverse logistics.

(3) recycling business conflicts with normal production. In special cases, the recycling business and normal production of these two kinds of business in the processing, storage, distribution, link may be conflicting.

5 the reverse logistics management

Aiming at the existing problem of reverse logistics in China's manufacturing industry, the government or industry association to create a good environment for enterprises to carry out reverse logistics operation, to promote enterprise must strengthen the management of reverse logistics. To strengthen the management of reverse logistics, to enterprise's production capacity, logistics technology, information technology and personnel quality put forward higher requirements, organization structure, etc, and require companies invest a lot of manpower and material resources and financial resources. Therefore, companies must be careful when implementing reverse logistics strategy, can never be too hasty, deal with the cost of the product recycling, economic benefits and environmental benefits for the thorough analysis, at the same time to consider the possible problems in the implementation process. The reverse logistics business is run jointly by each enterprise on the supply chain, therefore, enterprises to negotiate with other enterprises on the supply chain fully, and combining with the collective decisions throughout the supply chain business ability.

(1) enact related policies and regulations. The government or industry association dedicated to enact related management policies and regulations of environmental pollution and resource recycling, guidance, and guide enterprises to carry out reverse logistics business, achieve the goal of improve the benefit of society as a whole.

(2) set up the new concept of resources and environment. The enterprise product research and development personnel in new product development, design and green product and environmental protection products as far as possible, at the same time, according to the return of the goods or quality problems exposed in the recycling, continuously improve quality, to the eradication of bad concerns.

(3) establish an effective reverse logistics system. One is the enterprise need to establish a perfect information system and operation management system, digging a new source of profits, in order to enhance customer satisfaction. The second is to establish a contractual cooperative strategic partnership. The supply and demand both sides determined by reverse logistics cost and revenue sharing contract allocation proportion, realize the risk-sharing, benefit sharing.

(4) the forward logistics and reverse logistics. When companies do business of reverse logistics, and the conflict of normal operations, to ensure the normal functioning of the business, forward logistics and reverse logistics can be used separately. Adopt the way of government subsidies, or give preferential policies to encourage enterprises operating reverse logistics business, in order to improve the operational efficiency of the recycling business. Such as the United States, the Netherlands and other countries to take government subsidies or industry association.

(5) establish the third party reverse logistics enterprises. A third party reverse logistics enterprises or the introduction of the third party reverse logistics enterprises, by the third party reverse logistics enterprises to assist management, which will become a trend in the reverse logistics operational. It is reported that the international logistics giants such as UPS, fedex, companies have entered the reverse logistics in our country and dedicated to provide management services.

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