The Theory of Sociolinguistic --英国Essay代写范文

英国留学生Essay代写范文:“The Theory of Sociolinguistic”，这篇论文主要描述的是对社会语言学理论的研究，在所有具有社会特性和种族特性的群体当中，语言是人们进行交流和沟通的主要方式，不同的语言代表着一定的社会特色，社会语言学与交互语言学主要的不同点就在于语言使用的社会意义，社会语言学关注的是社会制度的变化与语言变化之间的关系。

Sociolinguistic theory is the study of the outcome of any features of society, including ethnic norms, prospects, and background, on the way language is used. The characteristics is that, it has other small philosophies entrenched in it and it is an appropriate linguistic. The sociology of language emphases on language's effect on the society. The Sociolinguistic Theory presents a critical synthesis of sociolinguistics, centering on the study of language variation and change. It Includes the following several aspects:

(1)Provides a critical synthesis of sociolinguistics that centers on the study of language variation and change, now incorporating the latest developments in the field.

(2)Shows how empirical explorations have made sociolinguistics the most stimulating field in the contemporary study of language.

(3) Discusses the linguistic variable and its significance, crucial social variables such as social stratification, sex and age, and the cultural significance of linguistic variation.

There are two branches of sociolinguistics which approach this issue in different ways. These two branches are interactions and variations sociolinguistics. Interactions sociolinguistics is principally that interested in what language use can tell us about social processes, and therefore a central concern is the social meaning of language use. While, variations sociolinguistics is interested in accounting for the linguistic variation and change, partly as a product of the social distribution of language varieties. It is, therefore, less concerned with meaning as process, and more concerned with the interaction of social systems and linguistic. In this view the significance of language is mainly symbolic.

Sociolinguistic Studies offers a cultural bridge between sociolinguistic researching in the Romance world, especially the Latino-American and Spanish world and the English-speaking research community. All articles in Sociolinguistic Studies are peer-reviewed and may be in English, Spanish, Portuguese or French, but now we try to use it study the China and Western counties. It takes an ecumenical approach to the different schools, research orientations or methodological principles within sociolinguistic research, discourse analysis, conversational analysis, interactional linguistics, language acquisition and socialization, ethnomethodology and the ethnography of communication. Papers may examine any issue in sociolinguistic research including, but not limited to styles and registers, communicative situations and gender and discourse, politeness, speech events, bilingual conversation, language attitudes, language ideologies. Sociolinguistic Studies also pays special attention to minority language and cultures, language contact and change, language and social inequalities and language planning and policy.
We can get some inspirations from Sociolinguistic theories. In this article we talk about the Differences of Chinese and English Pet Names from the Perspective of Sociolinguistics. In simple terms, that is the study of the language of the people saying. It also studies how language varieties differ between groups separated by certain social variables, gender, ethnicity , religion, status, level of education, age, etc. And how creation and adherence to these rules is used to categorize individuals in social or socioeconomic classes .Just like as the usage of a pet name varies from place to place, pet name usage also varies among social classes and it is these sociolects that sociolinguistics studies.

Until this point, we have essentially been considering language and pet name as a formal system that can be profitably studied independently from the people who use it. This type of approach is often referred to in the field as the “formal” linguistics. The reason that people use the term “formal” is such investigation revolves around constructing formal models that allow us to understand，to understand how various subparts or modules of the linguistic grammar function .There is, however , a lot more to understanding language than focusing on these core theoretical areas. If we can gain insight into how the language works by studying its formal properties, we must also realize that language and also a pet name as a “thing” to be studied is necessarily a kind of simplification, because language isn’t a thing external to human beings, but rather, something that makes up a part of who we are.

What I want to stress here is that pet name must also be profitably studied in its social context. In doing so, we learn both about pet name and about ourselves, the people who use it, and live in it. Sociolinguistics, then, as the saying implies, is the study of language in human society. An area generally referred to as language variation. As its own name implies, language variation focuses on how language varies in different contexts, where our context refers to things like ethnicity, geography, social class, age and a number of other factors. In general ,a studying on the characteristics of Chinese and English pet names from the perspective of sociolinguistics has a profound significance.

Cultural Difference From the Perspective of Sociolinguistics

Because of different cultural and religious traditions, China and Western countries have big difference in terms of pet name. People will have different pet name according to age and affinity relationships, but in English-speaking countries, the meaning of pet name would be much simpler. For example, in the early age of China，Chinese parents prefer to call their children “闰土”, “红儿”, “狗娃” to show closeness .However, there have strict requirements because of generation. Children can't call his father daddy or his name directly, but children of English-speaking countries prefer to call their parents “ Johnny”，“Tony”. Chinese people may think it incredible, but people English-speaking countries take it for grant. To better understand this phenomenon, we must first understand the different culture between China and English-speaking countries. Confucius is a representative figure of Chinese Confucianism and he attaches great importance to etiquette. Monarch to be like the monarch, like the courtiers to courtiers, the father should be like father, like son to son. All people should be aware of their ranks and status and never do things that not belong to them to ensure peace and sequence. However, most people in Western countries believe in Christianity. Christianity could be summed up as the following two commandments “Old Testament” of all commandments. First, “Love the Lord thy God”, the second is “Love your neighbor as yourself”. Christians believe everyone is equal and should help each other as brothers and sisters did. From then on, all the ethical relationships are not important.

If this kind of cultural distinction was ignored, it would be not easy to communicate with each other. At the same time, one culture can have a great influence on another one through communication .Communication is a double-way process; therefore, people must have different appellations or pet names to represent themselves. In order to avoid wrong use of appellations or pet names and pragmatic failures in intercultural communication, the difference between Chinese and English culture about appellations or pet names should be learned. In a word, Accurate understanding and using of pet names have important social functions and can result in success in intercultural communication. If we want to make sure that the intercultural communication is successful, we should know both the one you talk with and the culture background. Cultures are equal; therefore, one should not only know his or her own culture but also adjust himself or herself to other cultures.

Gender Difference From the Perspective of Sociolinguistics

To study gender difference from the perspective of sociolinguistics, we should know the influence of gender on pet names. Although in some types of communication, the effects are non-existent and insignificant, in others these influences actually exist. For example, girls are more likely to have cute pet names like “宝贝” “乖乖”. What’s more, in our culture, males are not good at expressing their feelings and therefore become less competent than females in some types of interpersonal communications.

In western family, pet name (nickname) doesn’t have many sources like Chinese. Most pet names only subordinate to a Christian name, but a pet name can correspond to a Christian name, such as a man can be called Eddy which derives from the Old English Edgar. Many names are implication of those lucky spears such as Edmond means lucky Paul Guard. There are also many Christian nicknames such as Elizabeth Elizabeth from Hebrew, meaning God Vow, biblical characters, salute. But in this article, we mainly study gender differences. In recent past or even at present, some people points out, male domination in philosophy and science has resulted in the characterization of interactive processes, just as primarily expressing power and persuasion. It is our natural abilities that result in differences in communications between the genders. In the past women mainly raise and educate children; therefore, they are not involved in organizational communications, and don’t have the concern of being understood by others. But now this social phenomenon has been reflected on language and been studied in many separate areas for a long time. In the past decades, sociolinguistic researches deal with relationship between gender difference and language; meanwhile, these researches have undergone significant achievement and gain full development. We should studies as well to fully understand the difference between male language and female language. What should be pointed out is that language in this article is that pet names can be reflected through many aspects. But language can only be reflected through conversations .In other words, pet name expressions selected into this article are mainly from all sorts of talks. Therefore, we should understand them.

Thinking Difference From the Perspective of Sociolinguistics

Different cultures have different ways of thinking. English and Chinese always have different views when they observe the same thing. If the translation is not accurate or we do not realize the difference; it is easy to make mistakes. For example, when you first do something, Chinese people often say, “You first, please” While the English version is “After you”. Therefore, different thinking methods can lead to the opposite behavior. Chinese use “first” while English use “after”. So we should better know the thinking difference from the perspective of sociolinguistics. It is worth mentioning that Chinese people have very complex and very important relationships and ranks. In Western countries, people would not take titles seriously; even the young can call the elder’s name directly. However, that is regarded impolite in China. In Western countries some pet name meaning of God's covenant, biblical characters, salute John's mother, it will have more than twenty nicknames. They are Bess, Bessie, Bassy, Bet, Elsa, Libby as Lufthansa ratio, Lisa, Lizzy (Lizzie) and so on. Thus, different words viewpoint has a great influence on English and Chinese translation .Only when we understand the differences between China and Western countries thinking can we better understand their culture and achieve better communication.

Historical Background Differences From the Perspective of Sociolinguistics

The history of English-speaking countries idioms reflects different historical backgrounds of English words’ formation. The formation of English is diverse, so the western countries have different pet names. Many foreign cultures affected only a thousand English-speaking countries for years. English idioms historical events, in fact, cover the whole of western civilization, which help to retain the distinctive idioms with foreign cultural characteristics. Although China has a history of 5000 years, Chinese don’t hold open attitude towards foreign culture. Idioms carry different cultural characteristics and cultural information; they are closely connected with cultural traditions and history of idioms. In order to truly understand the meaning of idioms and accurately grasp the history of English idioms, it is critical to understand the English heritage. Studying historical background differences from the perspective of sociolinguistics and studying pet names in English help readers better learn the history of English and understand more accurate English culture. Fully absorbed in foreign culture, it would be easy to get rid of faults and have fluent cross-cultural communications. Therefore, to understand the true history of learning language properly, we must learn the source of historical idioms and have a general understanding of grasping the true meaning of pet names in different contexts, trying to use pet names in cross-cultural communication flexibly.

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