Cartel law and regulation--美国Essay代写范文

美国Essay代写范文:“Cartel law and regulation”，这篇论文主要描述的是在欧洲的历史上垄断是阻碍市场经济发展的主要阻力，卡特尔法的出现虽然禁止了垄断行为的出现，但是例如非法的贩毒集团等就是卡特尔法中的不确定因素，要如何制定和完善相关的监管制度，保证竞争法的公平和工作，这就是本文所需要探讨的。

Cartel competition is under the system all over the world today, although the history (at least in Europe) is as the public interest is tolerated and even encouraged governments. Despite the ban, remained popular illegal drug cartels, and similar cases under the competition rules of cartel behavior is allowed. This paper discussed the degree of this kind of behaviour can be affected by a regulatory regime (competition) to perform regulatory functions at the same time, therefore can be explained by the transnational private regulatory system (TPRERs)( Maher, 2011). There are three categories of similar cartel arrangement: private contractual arrangements, do not belong to the category of competition law; Self-discipline arrangements designed to promote the interests of the adjustment; And mixed regime, private arrangement is specified as a control operation in the shadow of the competition law, is often seen as promoting competition goal.

In deciding whether to solve the organization, the committee will consider, in addition, the possibility of consensus within a reasonable time all or most of the business involves the relevant facts, the range of potential opposition and responsibility, therefore, to realize the possibility of lawsuit efficiency. 38 settlement notification set, the number of business and other factors, the foreseeable contradiction of attribution of responsibility position of enterprise, and the extent of dispute whether important commission for settlement(Dekeyser,&Roques, 2010). Career is related to the number of involved, because the efficiency of lawsuit is most likely to realize if all business involved in simplifying process, therefore, to solve the general will start once the commission to understand all this business are interested in participating in discussions to solve. Committee will also examine whether will improve the problems such as increased, under the condition of recidivism, or loss of leniency, about the location of the business in these areas may be incompatible with the committee. Opec's geographic range will also be considered, to some extent, for the global cartel investigation, guarantee the concurrent sued in some jurisdictions may tend to develop their own strategic agenda in discussions with the European commission's efforts to reach a consensus. Another relevant factor is the possibility of setting a precedent, the committee's point of view, it will not be simplified settlement determine proper set precedent. Finally, in the entire discussion to solve, the committee will also monitor whether or not to continue the discussion based on the progress in the whole process, including any unreasonable delay, such as with the resources needed to provide a copy of the data of the unclassified version of the document from a file.

Cartel is defined as a broad scope of functions and powers, refers to the economic interests of the parties and competition's control. Ireland beef example demonstrates that share the economic interests and sought to control competition may not be in the law. In addition, export cartel and crisis is likely to involve the core price control, usually do not belong to the lawful business activities, and other forms of business cooperation, are generally considered beneficial to the competition. Therefore, I, in the European Union, have long recognized the importance of horizontal cooperation agreement. This protocol can improve the efficiency, innovation and the competitiveness of European companies. They allow sharing risk, cost savings, increased investment, know - pool, improve product quality, variety and innovation. However, they can also cause competition issues, because they can lead to price fixing, and obtain, maintain or increase the market forces, in turn, can affect the price, output, innovation, and/or different or the quality of the product. 42 of the European Commission (European appointed the regulation of these protocols through a combination of hard and soft law.

Revealed that England have rules to control since the days of monopolies and cartels, penitent Edward's impact on the business can be reflected in the following: their cartel is a risk in many fields, for example, there are very few market participants and/or raw materials provided. In some areas, a cartel may everywhere. For example, the Dutch competition authorities decided in 2005 to target a cartel in the construction industry and more than 500 companies to look for the power of the immune to inform the organization activities in its leniency program. This shows that companies in this industry. In July 2010, the European commission has imposed a fine of more than 175 million ? animal feed phosphate producers operating cartels predecessor can be traced back to 1969. Manufacturers, in the 35 years of time, regular distribution market share and customer meetings, set sales quota, and coordinate the prices and terms of sales, they think it is necessary. Six Optec came to the committee's attention when participants played a whistleblower and receive completely on fines. History is one of the largest drug cartels found vitamin cartel, vitamin manufacturers for market share and price collusion. Quarterly meeting, tells the story of a first annual meeting of the executive price and agree that the budget this year. It is trying to disguise the cartel involving companies in Japan, the European Union, Switzerland and the United States. Very large fines are implemented and several executives from prison in the United States, private enforcement actions also brought. The European Union, Australia, and Canada's competition authorities have also examined the cartel. 8 lysine and citric acid is the most famous cartel cartel in the 2009 Hollywood movie theme, with a company of participation, the cartel, though still vitamin cartel members, shows to what extent cartelization is seen as an attractive business practices(Bos,& Harrington, 2015).

In the European Union, the focus is on the regulation of adverse damage, so focus on results rather than behavior. The history of the point, at least, the structure of the market is perfect. Evidence has two dimensions: economics + + care about the facts of market structure and material (for example, the organization meeting evidence). Is change - surrey in the European court of justice in order to prove the existence of the cartel, not only the responsibility of the individual members.Competition law enforcement reform in 2003, the commission has been focusing on cartel, EU law set the trend in Europe as a cartel strongly condemn, and leniency (whistle blower) to support the test items and very large fines. However, evidence of cartel operating in the past 100 years, they seem to be largely unchanged.

Immediate inference, the anti-monopoly law enforcement can lead to most stable cartel more inclusive. So the question is whether it will lead to the largest stable cartel of the contract. Although a wide range of cartel no antitrust enforcement to produce the highest profit, may no longer be such a antitrust authorities for the expected penalty cartel size is increased. Although each additional members of the organization to increase value for the original members of the cartel by restricting supply below its capacity, it also creates a cost by increasing the probability of the original members found and beliefs (or reduce the chance of the original members get leniency because there will be more companies strive for now). Considered to affect the price of the conspiracy from one company to join a cartel to the large companies to bring more positive related ability under the control of the cartel, which means that the output restrictions and price increases, the small companies may not be enough collusive prices enough to offset the increased expectations of punishment. As a result, a small company - which have higher profits cartel of antitrust enforcement and, in addition, the rest of the cartel members also earn higher profits, when a small company outside the cartel - which is still the real antitrust enforcement, because low expected penalty. This makes our theorem 2, indicating that the anti-monopoly law enforcement led to small businesses without stable members of the cartel.

In conclusion, a cartel (roughly) may be limited by competition (can be said to be a form of regulation), performs an important management functions at the same time. In recent years in Europe (American time) have defined the price-fixing agreement on the mode of the public interest, the market quota, market share, and production will almost certainly violate the competition law. Cartel is tolerated, and they are usually public supervision. Therefore, the EU ban on cartel exemption clause is softened, allows the commission to set in place a regulatory framework of (the law of the hard and soft) standards set by the cooperative enterprises may occur, external competition prohibited or example, because they provide important public welfare. By banning cartel reserves in the European Union itself, therefore, greater control cases, such level agreements will be allowed.

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